Chapter 2 Flashcards
(27 cards)
Define
Atom
Molecule
Element
Compound
Atoms are the basic units of matter, or the smallest unit of element.
Molecules - particles of matter that are composed of one or more atoms.
Element - Pure substance; composed of only one type of atom.
Compound- are substances whose molecules have more than one element in them.
What is Organic Chemistry?
Organic molecules contain carbon-carbon covalent bonds or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds
Organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Define Isotopes?
What is Radioactive Isotope?
Isotope: Two atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses
Radioactive isotope: Isotope that emits radiation
Examples of Inorganic Compounds
Water: Water is a solvent (liquid into which solutes are dissolved), forming aqueous solutions in the body
*Water is a Universal solvent
Define Ionic vs Covalent bond?
1.Ionic bonds – involve donating electrons
2.Covalent bonds – involve sharing electrons
Hydrogen bond?
Hydrogen bonds– Do not form new molecules instead they provide subtle forces that help large molecules to stay in a particular shape.
What is Hydrolysis?
Chemical reaction in which water is added to the subunits of a large molecule to break it apart into smaller molecules
Define Cation vs Anion
Cation = Positive ion: Has more protons than electrons (e.g; Na) electrically charged
Anion = Negative ion: Has gained electrons (e.g. Cl)
electrically charged
What is Dehydration Synthesis?
Chemical reaction in which water is removed from small molecules to form a larger molecule is called a Dehydration Synthesis.
What is Electrolyte?
Electrolyte: Forms ions when dissolved in water
What is Acid?
A substance that produces hydrogen ion when it is added to water
What is Base?
Substance that shifts the H+/OH− balance against H+; also known as an alkaline
Define pH
What is a Neutral pH?
pH: Mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration in an aqueous solution
pH 7 is neutral (neither acid nor base)
What is the role of buffers?
Buffers: Chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases and thus maintain a relatively
stable pH (Homeostasis)
What is the simplest form of carbohydrate?
monosaccharides or single sugars (e.g., glucose)
Made up of six-carbon subunits
Types of Lipids found in the body and their roles.
Triglycerides: Most abundant form of fat
Made up of one glycerol unit and three fatty acids
Store energy for later use
Phospholipids: two fatty acids, and with a phosphorus-containing group attached to glycerol.
Form membranes of cells
Cholesterol: Molecules have a steroid structure made up of multiple rings
Cholesterol stabilizes the phospholipid tails in cellular membranes
Types of Protein
Structural proteins: Collagen, Keratin
Functional proteins; Hormones, cell membrane channels and receptors, enzymes
Define Nucleic Acid
Made up of nucleotide units
*Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose),
*Phosphate
*Nitrogen base (adenine, thymine or uracil, guanine, cytosine)
What is Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)?
Used as the cell’s “master code” for assembling proteins
*Uses deoxyribose as the sugar and uses A, T (not U), C, and G bases
What is Ribonucleic acid (RNA)?
forms structural and functional proteins,
Uses ribose as the sugar and uses A, U (not T), C, and G bases
What is ATP?
A modified nucleotide used to transfer energy from nutrients to cellular processes.
What are the 3 Main Parts of the Cell?
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
What are the two types of Ribosomes and their functions?
Free ribosomes in cytoplasm: manufacture proteins for cell
Fixed ribosomes attached to a rough endoplasmic reticulum: manufacture proteins for secretions
Types of Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and their Functions?
Rough ER (many ribosomes attached on it surface) collects, folds, and transports proteins made by ribosomes.
Smooth ER (no ribosomes attached) synthesizes lipid, CHO and Proteins that makes up new cell membranes.
