Chapter 2

Question 1

What does the line on the does curve represent?

Answer 1

• relationship between amount of drug (x-axis) and response to the drug (y-axis)

Question 2

What is the log phase ?

Answer 2

This is when the dose has minimal increase response

Question 3

What is Proportional phase?

Answer 3

When the increase dose is equlal to the increase response

Question 4

What is the saturation phase?

Answer 4

When the increase dose no longer causes increase response.

Question 5

Where is the ED50 (effective doses) located?

Answer 5

On the x-axis

Question 6

True/ False: The increase dose equals to increase side effects.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What is drug potency?

Answer 7

The amount of a drug needed to produce a desired effect.
This is on the x-axis

Question 8

What is Drug efficacy (response)?

Answer 8

Whether a specific drug reaches a maximal effect when administered regardless of potency.

Question 8

If the response of 3 drugs are at 50% but each does is different. Which one would be the most potent?

Answer 8

The drug with the lowest dose will be the most potent.
Increasing potency = decrease in ED50.

Question 9

Calculating lethal does is only calculated on?

Answer 9

Animals

Question 10

What is the therapeutic index?

Answer 10

• Helps determine the likelihood of toxicity before clinical trials
• Can only be determined in animals
• TI greater than 10 are required for clinical trials

Question 11

What is pharmacodynamics?

Answer 11

Is how the drug afffects the body or how does the drug causes therapeutic effects.

Question 12

Drugs bind to receptors on or in the cell but how?

Answer 12

• Must have an appropriate receptor and appropriate cells in the body to respond to medication.
• Receptor naturally occurs in the body

Question 13

What type of effects we want to happen to the body when taking medications?

Answer 13

To help bring the body back to homeostasis

Question 14

What does the plasma (cell) membrane regulates?

Answer 14

The entry of molecules into the cell

Question 15

What type of layer is the plasma membrane?

Answer 15

It is a lipid bilayer

Question 16

What are the different parts of the cell membrane?

Answer 16

extracellular fluid
green: protein
Top layer is hydrophobic
Middle: hydrophobic/lipophilic
Bottom- Hydrophilic
Cystoplasm

Question 17

Hydrophilic drugs bind to ?

Answer 17

Cell-Surface receptors

Question 18

What are the two types of channels within a cell?

Answer 18

1. Fast channels: ligand-gated channel
2. Voltage-gated channel

Question 19

How does the fast channel open?

Answer 19

• Open when signal molecule binds

Question 20

How does voltage-gated channels open?

Answer 20

Opens when membrane potential changes.

Question 21

Drugs can be what?

Answer 21

• Hydrophilic or lipophilic

Question 22

What determines a drug type and how it interacts?

Answer 22

chemical propertied of the drug determine how the drug interacts with the plasma membrane.

Question 23

What does hydrophilic mean?

Answer 23

• water soluble
• good for traveling through blood
• bad for getting through membranes

Question 24

How does hydrophilic drugs binds to receptors?

Answer 24

It has to bind to receptors on the cell surface which causes a change to the receptor then in turn causes a change to what happen to the cell.

Question 25

What are the two types of messenger systems for hydrophilic drugs?

Answer 25

* First messenger (drug) binds to the cell surface receptor * Second messenger is inside the cell and directly causes an intracellular response

Question 26

What is a lipophilic ?

Answer 26

* fat soluble * bad at traveling through the blood * good at getting through membrane because it binds to receptors into cytoplasm.

Question 27

What occurs because lipophic drugs bind to cytoplasmic receptors?

Answer 27

* drug/receptor complex moves into the nucleus and binds to DNA which causes a chane in gene expression/ changes in transcription.

Question 28

What are agonist and antagonist act on cellular receptors.

Answer 28

* Agonists induces a cellular response (causes something to occur within the cell): Full agonist= 100% response, Partial= 50% * Antagonists blocks a cellular response

Question 29

What are the different types of antagonists?

Answer 29

* Competive: binds to the same site as the agonist and prevents the agonist from binding * Noncompetive: binds to receptor outside of agonist binding sites and reduces agonist activity through other mechanisms

Question 30

What are ligands?

Answer 30

They are molecules that binds to a receptor and activates it.

Question 31

What are natural ligands?

Answer 31

Normal molecule that binds to a receptor and equals a 100%/. full response.

Question 32

What are artifical ligands

Answer 32

A medication that binds to the receptor

Question 33

Which two substances works the same?

Answer 33

Natural ligands and full agonist?

Question 34

True/ False: All agonist are ligand?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is impotant to its mechanism of action?

Answer 35

The chemical structure of drugs

Question 36

Drugs act through what in the body?

Answer 36

Receptors

Question 37

Hydrophilic drugs uses?

Answer 37

cell-surface receptors

Question 38

Lipophilic drugs uses ?

Answer 38

cytoplasmic receptors

Question 39

What is the does drugs affect?

Answer 39

homeostasis

Question 40

What is pharmcokinetics?

Answer 40

* How the body affects the drugs through 1. ADME 2. Absorption 3. Distribution 4. Metabolism 5. Excretion

Question 41

Molecules with ionic bonds form?

Answer 41

Hydrophilic drugs (SALTS)

Question 42

Chemical bonds in a molecule determine what?

Answer 42

whether a drug is Hydrophilic or lipophilic

Question 43

Which bonds can change molecules that interact with water and are hydrophilic?

Answer 43

**Ionic bonds**: electrons transfered from one atom to another. (forms oppositely charged ions) **Polar covalent bonds**: electrons shared unequally. ( partically changed atoms on either side of the bond.

Question 44

Which bond is lipophilic?

Answer 44

Nonpolar covalent bonds- electrons shared equally between two atoms

Question 45

What is diffusion ?

Answer 45

Is the movement of a molecule across the plasma membrane down its concentration gradient.

Question 46

What is the movement of diffusion?

Answer 46

movement from high concentration to low concentration. NO ENERGY REQUIRED

Question 47

What is simple/ positve diffusion?

Answer 47

llipophilic drugs that crosses membrane

Question 48

Facilitated diffusion is?

Answer 48

hydrophilic drugs crossing the membrane, while using the protein as transport (carrier or channel).

Question 49

What is active transport?

Answer 49

The movement of a molecule or ION across the plasma membrane up its concentration gradient

Question 50

What is ionized drug?

Answer 50

electrically charged at a particular pH. has hydrophilic properties and bad at crossing membranes

Question 51

What are non-ionized drugs?

Answer 51

electrically neutral at a particular pH. has good crossing membranes