Chapter 2 Flashcards by Joanne Huynh

What are atoms? What are the subunits?

smallest unit of chemical elements
protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-)

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What is atomic mass?

sum of protons and neutrons

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What is atomic number?

number of protons in an atom

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What are electron shells?

layers around nucleus
- depends on atomic number
- first shell: 2 electrons
- second shell: 8 electrons

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What are valence electrons?

those in the outermost shell
- participate in chemical reactions and form bonds

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What are isotopes?

same # of protons, different # of neutrons

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What are ionic bonds?

occurs when valence electrons are transferred from one atom to another

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What is the difference between cation and anion?

cation: + charged
- loses electron
anion: - charged
- gains electron

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What happens to ionic bonds in water?

dissociation
- water forms hydration spheres around ions

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What’s the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecules?

hydrophilic: soluble in water
- glucose and amino acids
hydrophobic: nonpolar

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What are covalent bonds?

atoms are sharing valence electrons

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What are hydrogen bonds?

forms between adjacent water molecules
- surface tension

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What are acids?

release of protons in a solution (proton donor)

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What are bases?

lowers H+ levels in a solution (proton acceptor)

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What is pH?

concentration of H+ in a solution
pH = -log[H+]

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What are buffers?

slows changes in pH by either combining or releases hydrogens

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What is normal range for blood pH?

7.35 to 7.45

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What is acidosis? Alkalosis?

acidosis: pH < 7.35
alkalosis: pH > 7.45

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What are organic molecules?

carbon covalently bound in hydrogen
- chains or rings
- backbone for functional groups

What does the carbonyl group form?

ketones and aldehydes

What does the hydroxyl group form?

alcohols

What does the carboxyl group form?

organic acids
- lactic acid
- acetic acids

What are carbohydrates?

C_{nH_{2nO_{n
- building blocks: monosaccharides}}}

What are disaccharides?

2 monosaccharides covalently joined
- sucrose: glucose + fructose
- lactose: glucose + galactose
- maltose: 2 glucose

What are polysaccharides and why are they important?

lots of monosaccharides linked together - starch and glycogen - energy storage

What reaction forms disaccharides?

dehydration synthesis

What reaction breaks down polysaccharides?

hydrolysis - opposite of dehydration synthesis

What are lipids?

hydrocarbon chains and rings - hydrophobic

What are triglycerides?

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated triglycerides?

saturated: no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chains

What are phospholipids?

lipids with phosphate group - polar (bears love water) head - nonpolar tails

What are steroids?

nonpolar 3 6-carbon rings joined to a 5-carbon ring - insoluble

What is the precursor for steroid hormones?

cholesterol

What are prostaglandins?

fatty acids with cyclic hydrocarbon group - regulatory functions

What are amino acids?

amine group + carboxyl group + functional group

What are peptides?

short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds - dehydration reaction

What's the different between polypeptide and protein?

polypeptide: <100 amino acids protein: >100 amino acids

What is primary structure of protein?

sequence of amino acids

What is secondary structure of protein?

weak hydrogen bonding of amino acids - alpha helix or beta pleated sheets

What is tertiary structure of protein?

bending and folding of polypeptide chains to produce a 3D shape

What is the quaternary structure of protein?

2+ polypeptide chains are joined

What are nucleic acids made of?

5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

What is DNA made of?

deoxyribose bonded to guanine or adenine (purines) and cytosine or thymine (pyrimidines) and a sugar-phosphate backbone

What is RNA made of?

sugar-phosphate backbone with a ribose sugar - guanine or adenine - cytosine or uracil

What are the 3 types of RNA that can work on a cell?

mRNA: messenger RNA tRNA: transfer RNA rRNA: ribosomal RNA