chapter 2

Question 1

three basic research designs used in aging research are

Answer 1

cross sectional
longitudinal
sequential

Question 2

most widely used research designs on aging

Answer 2

cross sectional
longitudinal

Question 3

Involves studying different age groups at one point in time to identify age-related differences.

Answer 3

cross-sectional design

Question 4

Involves studying the same group of individuals over an extended period to observe changes over time.

Answer 4

longitudinal design

Question 5

Combines elements of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs to address their respective limitations.

Answer 5

sequential design

Question 6

advantages with cross-sectional design

Answer 6

quick and cost effective, allows for immediate comparison between different age groups

Question 7

disadvantage with cross-sectional design

Answer 7

cannot distinguish between age effects and cohort effects; does not provide information on individual development changes over time

Question 8

advantages with longitudinal design

Answer 8

provides detailed information on individual development and changes over time; helps to identity age-related changes

Question 9

disadvantages with longitudinal design

Answer 9

time consuming and expensive; subjects to participant dropout, which can affect the validity of the results

Question 10

advantages with sequential design

Answer 10

addresses the limitations of both cross-sectional and longitudinal designs; provides a more comprehensive understanding of aging

Question 11

disadvantages with sequential design

Answer 11

complex and resource-intensive; requires careful planning and execution

Question 12

the three primary ethical issues in the context of aging research are

Answer 12

informed consent
right to withdraw
confidentiality of data

Question 13

consent must be given

Answer 13

voluntarily

Question 14

the main issue with conducting research identified by ethics review boards is

Answer 14

obtaining informed consent from older adults with and without dementia

Question 15

some of the difficulties identified by researchers trying to get ethics approval were ethics boards rejecting research using

Answer 15

older adults based on assumptions and negative stereotypes

Question 16

A mandatory and basic right for all research participants. It ensures that participants are fully aware of the nature of the study, what it involves, and any potential risks before agreeing to take part.

Answer 16

informed consent

Question 17

Participants must have this from the study at any time. This includes the removal of any data collected up to the point of withdrawal.

Answer 17

right to withdraw

Question 18

Data collected from participants must be kept confidential. Participants should be informed about how their data will be stored and who will have access to it.

Answer 18

confidentiality of data

Question 19

Differences, such as biological, psychological, or sociocultural changes as the consequences of growing older.

Answer 19

age effect

Question 20

__ threatens the internal validity of a study.

Answer 20

attrition

Question 21

Refers to an aggregate (group/groups) of individuals within a given population who experience the same event within the same time interval.

Answer 21

cohort

Question 22

The effect that having been born in a certain time, region, or period, or having experienced the same life experience (in the same time period) has on the development or perceptions of a particular group. These perceptions, characteristics, or effects are unique to the group in question.

Answer 22

cohort effect

Question 23

An experimental research design where individuals of different ages are compared at a single point in time.

Answer 23

cross sectional design

Question 24

An experimental research design where data are collected from the same participants over time (often several years).

Answer 24

longitudinal design

Question 25

Outcomes that can occur when participants are tested more than once on the same measure of interest.

Answer 25

practice effects

Question 26

A person/persons authorized to act on behalf of someone else.

Answer 26

proxy

Question 27

A type of research design that involves a combination of longitudinal and cross-sectional designs and that follows several cohorts of different ages over time.

Answer 27

sequential design

Question 28

Effects that are due to cultural, historical, environmental, or other events at the time that the data are collected. These effects are hard to distinguish from age effects in longitudinal studies.

Answer 28

time of measurement effect

Question 29

What building blocks are every study on adult development built on?

Answer 29

Cohort effect, time of measurement effects, and age effects

Question 30

What is a major disadvantages of a cross-sectional design?

Answer 30

The results only tell us about age differences, not age changes.

Question 31

Dr. Lyle is conducting a longitudinal study and has discovered high rates of attrition. What does this mean?

Answer 31

participants are dropping out of the study

Question 32

Which of the following best describes the nature of informed consent in the context of research studies?

Answer 32

it is mandatory

Question 33

What does it mean when a researcher indicates their data are confidential?

Answer 33

Only the researcher and research team will have access to the data.

Question 34

despite beliefs, a growing body of evidence indicates that both our __ and overall sense of __ ___ with age

Answer 34

moods well-being improves with age

Question 35

__ and __ are enhanced and __deepens

Answer 35

Productivity and creativity expertise deepens

Question 36

There also is evidence that __ and certain types of __ continue to develop in ways that can even __ age-related declines in the brain’s ability to process __ ___ and __ __.

Answer 36

knowledge intelligence offset new information and reason abstractly.

Question 37

some also indicate __ flourishes.

Answer 37

wisdom

Question 38

The study of aging (gerontology) is multidisciplinary involving three core disciplines—???

Answer 38

biology, psychology, and sociology

Question 39

There are three basic research designs used when conducting research on older adults:

Answer 39

cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential

Question 40

In order to understand these designs and their benefits and shortcomings, it is important to remember that every study of adult development is built on three building blocks: ??

Answer 40

age, cohort, and time of measurement

Question 41

However, each of the three designs (cross-sectional, longitudinal, and sequential) are successful in examining only __ of the three possible influencers in research

Answer 41

2

Question 42

Combines both cross-sectional and longitudinal methods by studying different age groups over time.

Answer 42

sequential

Question 43

Follows the same group of people over a long period to observe changes over time.

Answer 43

longitudinal

Question 44

Studies different age groups at the same time to compare differences across ages.

Answer 44

cross-sectional

Question 45

is a significant problem because participants may leave the study (they may move, die, lose interest, etc.

Answer 45

attrition

Question 46

Any attrition would mean that the __ is changing in, perhaps, ways __ to the researcher because the study no longer consists of testing the __ __ over the __ __ period. Attrition also can result in __ and __ samples

Answer 46

cohort unknown same individual same time smaller non-representatitve

Question 47

may be a limitation in some longitudinal studies

Answer 47

practice effects

Question 48

participants may get better at the tasks because they have done them at previous times of testing

Answer 48

practice effects

Question 49

Another major limitation of longitudinal designs is that the researcher cannot separate out

Answer 49

maturation effects (Eg: age effects_ from time of measurement effects

Question 50

disadvantages of longitudinal studies (4)

Answer 50

- requires significant amount of time, large sample size, more expensive (than cross-sectional), risk attrition

Question 51

advantages of longitudinal studies (4)

Answer 51

-highly valid in determining individual changes over time and developmental trends across lifespans, more powerful (than cross-sectional), provide observation of changes more accurately

Question 52

One of the challenges of studying aging is that __ cannot be __—meaning that the variable that we are most interested in can never be a true __ __

Answer 52

age cannot be manipulated independent variable

Question 53

it is difficult to __ the effects of aging from other effects because aging does not occur in a vacuum. the process of aging is surrounded by __, __, and __ events that influence the lives of individuals and groups (cohorts) as they age

Answer 53

isolate historical social economic

Question 54

A possible solution to eliminating many of the limitations of cross-sectional and longitudinal research designs in aging research has been to

Answer 54

combine the two types of designs (sequential designs)

Question 55

The key to understanding a sequential design is that __ __ of __ __ are entered into the study and this is repeated at __ __.

Answer 55

different cohorts different ages different times

Question 56

you can see that, similar to longitudinal designs, sequential designs follow ....

Answer 56

participants over time

Question 57

similar to cross-sectional designs, sequential designs include participants of ....

Answer 57

different ages

Question 58

useful for examining age differences

Answer 58

cross-sectional

Question 59

useful for examining age changes and may allow for seperating out age and cohort effects

Answer 59

longitudianl

Question 60

3 sequential types

Answer 60

cohort-sequential, time-sequential, cross-sequential

Question 61

useful for seperating out age and cohort effects

Answer 61

cohort sequential

Question 62

Useful for separating out age and time of measurement effects

Answer 62

time sequential

Question 63

Useful for examining differences due to time of testing and cohort effects

Answer 63

cross sequential

Question 64

disadvantages: Does not allow for identification of age changes. Age and cohort effects are confounded

Answer 64

cross sectional

Question 65

disadvantages: Age and time of measurement effects are confounded

Answer 65

longitudinal

Question 66

disadvantages: Time of measurement effects cannot be separated out

Answer 66

cohort-sequential

Question 67

disadvantages: Cohort effects cannot be separated out.

Answer 67

time-sequential

Question 68

disadvantages: Age effects cannot be separated out

Answer 68

cross-sequential