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A-DAD IV - Test 1 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Subclinical infection

A

signs and symptoms of infection are not detectable

asymptomatic gonorrhea

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2
Q

acute infection

A

characterized by relatively rapid onset and brief duration

most bacterial infections

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3
Q

fulminant infection

A

extremely sudden onset with intense s/s. Typically life threatening
caused by acute infection
infection due to biological warfare (bacillus anthracis and yersinia pestis)
another example could be francisella tularensis?

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4
Q

chronic infection

A

persists for months to years
mycobacteria
staph. aureus

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5
Q

dormant infection

A

metabolically quiescent, replicates slowly

TB

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6
Q

localized infection

A

confined to small region

staph. aureus

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7
Q

disseminated infection

A

starts at one region and spreads
hematogenous staph osteomyelitis
gonococcal septic arthritis

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8
Q

secondary infection

A

microbial invasion that is subsequent and different from original microbe
caused by disseminated infection
staph. aureus pneumonia followed by flu

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9
Q

mixed infection

A

two or more bacteria infecting same tissue

diabetic extremity infection

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10
Q

carrier state

A 
although never infected , the host continues to shed bacteria and spores to infect others.
typhoid fever 
salmonella and shigella gastroenteritis
CDAD (C. dificile)
staph
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11
Q

pili

slime

A

increased ability to establish residence in host
Pili: E. coli, Salmonella, Neisseria, Strep Pyogenes
Slime: staph Epidermidis

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12
Q

hyaluronidase
coagulase
streptokinase

A

invasins which contribute to S. aureus pathogenicity

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13
Q

encapsulation

A 
avoid phagocytosis
strep pneumoniae
H. Influenze
Neisseria meningitidis
klebsiella pneumoniae
salmonella typhi
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14
Q

Prevent oxidative burst

prevent phagosome-lysosome fusion

A 
impair or prevent phagocytic killing
mycobacterium tuberculosis
legionella pneumonphilia
listeria monocytogenes
toxoplasma gondii
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15
Q

shields pathogen from humoral immune response

A 
intracellular growth in nonphagocytic cells
salmonella, shigella
chlamydia
rickettsia
neisseria
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16
Q

exotoxin = proteins

A 
secreted upon lysis
more specific symptoms
highly toxic
Highly immunogenic
toxoid potential: formaldehyde
No fever
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17
Q

endotoxin = lipid portion of LPS

A 
release of endogenous pyrogens
most G (-)
salmonella typhi
proteum species
neisseria meningitidis
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18
Q

facilitate scavenging of iron

A

siderophores
E coli
salmonella

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19
Q

bug that can inhibit opsonization and kill phagocyte

A

S. aureus

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20
Q

bug that can inhibit phagocytosis

A

strep pneumoniae

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21
Q

bug that can inhibit lysosomal fusion

A

M. Tuberculosis

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22
Q

bug that can block activation by interferon gamma

A

mycobacteria

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23
Q

8 ways to avoid immune defense

A 
inhibit:
opsonization
chemotaxis
phagocytosis
lysosomal fusion

kill phagocyte

escape lysosome and grow in cytoplasm

block activation of interferon gamma

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24
Q

superantigen

A

S. aureus

S. pyogenes

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25
A-B toxin
diphtheria
26
G ( - ) endotoxin
``` LPS which screws up clotting, liver (leading to hypoglycemia), fever, vascular permeability (hypotension), complement pathway (shock), IgE S/S: fever, diarrhea, vomit weakly toxic poor immunogenicity ```
27
biofilm bugs
``` S. epidermidis S. aureus S. mutuns listeria p. aeruginosa candida ```
28
Opportunistic infection
``` aspergillus cryc. listeria p. aeurginosa acinetobacter ```
29
if pt has immunoglobulin defect, susceptible to
s. penumoniae | h. influenza
30
drugs that can cause fever
phenytoin Amphotercin B Ecstacy
31
Drugs that mask fever
NSAID acetaminophen corticosteroid
32
brain abcess
aspergillus mycobacterial candida enterobacteriaceae
33
meningitis/encephalitis (viruses)
measles | rabies
34
skin infections (viruses)
``` varicella zoster HHV 6 small pox human papillomavirus parvovirus (fifth's disease) rubella measles ```
35
gastroenteritis (viral)
rotavirus | norovirus
36
Primary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | folliculitis, futuncles, carbuncles
hair staph aureus p. aeruginosa
37
Primary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | erysipelas
skin impetigo - around the mouth s. pyogenes s. aureus
38
Primary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | lymphagitis
red streaking s. aureus s. pyogenes
39
Primary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | cellulitis
s. pyogenes s. aureus Gram ( - ) bacilli anaerobes
40
Primary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | myonecrosis
C perfringens
41
Primary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | necrotizing fasciitis I
bacteroides (B. fragilis) group A strep (s. pyogenes enterobacter
42
Primary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | necrotizing fasciitis II
S. pyogenes
43
secondary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | DEI = diabetic extremity infection
``` s. aureus s pyogenes enterobact anaerobes p. aeruginosa ```
44
secondary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | pressure sore
``` s. aureus s pyogenes enterobact anaerobes p. aeruginosa ```
45
secondary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | burn wound
s. aureus strep enterobact p. aeruginosa
46
secondary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | human bite wound
``` eikenella corrodens s aureus strep corynebacterium B. fragilis anaerobes ```
47
secondary skin-soft tissue infection (SSTI) | animal bite wound
P. multocida a aureus strep B. fragilis
48
post traumatic osteomyelitis
s aureus streptococci Gram negative bacilli
49
osteomyelitis with implants
``` S. epidermidis S. aureus strep enterococci enterobact P aeruginosa ```
50
osteomyelitis associated with vascular insuffiency (DEIs)
G ( - ) | obligate anaerobes
51
osteomyelitis with bite wounds
pasteurella multocida (animals) eikenella corrodens ( human) staph strep
52
osteomyelitis with IV drug abuse
staph P. aeruginosa serratia marcescens
53
osteomyelitis with puncture wound
S. aureus | P. aeruginosa
54
osteomyelitis with immunocomprimised
aspergillosis | candida
55
septic arthritis
``` most likely caused by: N. gonorrhoeae S. aureus also caused by: strep G ( - ) aerobe ```
56
URTI defined
``` sinusitis common cold pharyngitis epiglottis laryngotracheitis *Most commonly caused by viruses rather than bacteria ```
57
otitis media
S. pneumoniae (most likely) H. influenzae (2nd most likely) M. catarrhalis (3rd most likely) ``` S. pyogenes S aureus E coli P aeruginosa mycoplasma ```
58
pharyngitis
viral: S pyogenes H. influenzae Chlamydia pneumoniae M. pneumoniae C. diphtheriae
59
laryngitis (croup)
Viral: parainf RSV ``` S. aureus S pyogenes S pneumoniae H. influenzae M catarrhalis ```
60
Epiglottis (emergency)
H. influenzae
61
Sinusitis
``` similar to otitis media S. pneumoniae (most likely) H. influenzae (2nd most likely) M. catarrhalis (3rd most likely) viruses S pyogenes S aureus Anaerobes ```
62
LRTI defined
bronchitis bronchiolitis pneumonia
63
Acute bronchitis
usually viral Bacteria: mycoplasma chlamydia
64
Chronic bronchitis
``` smoking, enviornment H. influenzae/parainfl S. pneumoniae M. catarrhalis N. meningitidis K. pneumoniae S. marcescens P. aeruginosa ```
65
Bronchiolitis
infants RSV parainfluenza
66
Community acquired pneumonia (CAP)
``` S. pneumonia H. influenza M. catarrhalis M. pneumonia C. pneumonia MRSA anaerobes legionella enterobact p. aeruginosa RSV ```
67
hospital acquired pneumonia (HAP)
``` Enterobact p. aeruginosa s. aureus legionella anaerobes s. maltophilia acinetobacter ```
68
ventilator acquired pneumonia (VAP)
acinetobacter
69
Nursing Home acquired pneumonia (NHAP)
Gram Negative bacilli
70
aspiration pneumonia
anaerobes | Gram positive organisms
71
fungal pneumonia
``` aspergillus blastomycosis histoplasmosis cryptococcus candida ```
72
encephalitis is caused by
virus
73
mass lesion cause by
AKA brain abscess | bacteria
74
s/s of meningitis
fever, HA, stiff neck, photophobia, abnormal CSF, and rash (N. meningiditis) aggressive meningitis s/s: thromboses, superficial cerebritis
75
s/s of brain abscess
somnolence, seizure, focal finding, weakness of limb
76
Meningitis
``` S. pneumoniae strep staph N. meningitidis H. influenzae (most likely) Listeria monocytogenes (infant and old) ```
77
encephalitis
herpes
78
brain abscess
staph s. pneumoniae H. influenzae enterobacteriaceae pseudomonas B. fragilis anaerobes
79
shunt infection
MRSA MRSE s. pneumoniae strep ``` enterococci N. meningitidis H. influenzae enterobacteriaceae pseudomonas corynebact propionibacterium candida ```
80
Bacteremia
The invasion of the blood stream by pathogenic bacteria.
81
primary bacteremia
Most often a nosocomial infection that is typically associated with an indwelling intravascular catheter, or it is a result of direct inoculation of the blood stream as, for example, a result of intravenous drug use.
82
secondary bacteremia
Occurs when microorganisms causing infection at another site (e.g. pneumonia, pyelonephritis, skin or soft tissue) invade the blood stream and disseminate via the circulation
83
infective endocarditis
Infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, usually the heart valves. Infection may rarely occur on the chordae tendinae or the atrial or ventricular wall surfaces especially at an area of anatomic abnormality such as septal defects or arteriovenous shunts (such as patent ductus arteriosus). Historically, infective endocarditis has been classified by the timing of the infection.
84
acute bacterial endocarditis
Infection caused by invasive pyogenic bacteria, such as S. aureus, and characterized by high fevers and a relatively short toxic course of a few days to weeks. Structurally normal or abnormal valves may be involved.
85
subacute bacterial endocarditis
More indolent infection caused by less virulent bacteria characterized by lower fevers, prolonged constitutional symptoms of anorexia, weight loss, and night sweats lasting for several weeks. This is usually an infection of abnormal valvular surfaces.
86
defective (native) valve endocarditis
``` Viridans Strep (alpha hemolytic) S. bovis ```
87
IV drug user endocarditis
MRSA | MSSA
88
prosthetic valve endocarditis
MRSE (methicillin resistant staph epidermidis) MRSA (methicillin resistant staph aureus) gram negative bacilli
89
enterococcal endocarditis
E. faecalis
90
fungal endocarditis
candida | aspergillus
91
inflammatory gastroenteritis
campylobact E coli shigella salmonella
92
non-inflammatory gastroenteritis
viruses vibrio e coli
93
acute cystitis
E coli S. saprophyticus Enterococci GNB
94
pyelonephritis community
e coli | proteus
95
pyelonephritis nosocomial
e coli pseudomonas enterococcus
96
Catheter associated UTI
``` MRSE (S. epidermidis) MRSA enterococcus e coli P. mirabilis P. aeruginosa Enterobact serritia candida ```
97
prostatits acute
N. gonorrheae chlamydia enterobacteraciae
98
prostatitis chronic
enterobacteraciae pseudomonas enterococcus
99
urethritis, cervicitis, prostatitis
N. Gonorrhoeae Chlamydia trachomatis trichomonas vaginalis ureaplasma urealyticum mycoplasma genitalium
100
PID
N. gonorrheae chlamydia trachomatis enteric gram neg U. urealyticum bacteroides (b. fragilis)
101
genital herpes
HSV - 1 (oropharyngeal) | HSV - 2 (genital)
102
chancroid
H. ducreyi
103
syphilis
Treponema pallidum
104
epididymitis
N. gonorrheae chlamydia trachomatis e coli
105
vaginosis
G. vaginalis bacteroides peptococcus Candida
106
vaginalis
Trichomonas vaginalis | Candida
107
genital and oral warts
Human papillomavirus
108
top 8 causes of diarrheal gastroenteritis
1. norovius or rotavirus 2. salmonella 3. campylobact 4. E. Coli 5. enterotoxigenic diarrhea (cholera) 6. clostridium 7. shigella 8. Cryptosporidiosis/Isospora, Staph, Yersiniosis, entamoeba (dysentery), giardia H. influenza cannot cause gastroenteritis
109
GI infections are most likely caused by these four bugs
1. GNB 2. Anaerobes (B. fragilis) 3. enterococci 4. strepto
110
4 common bugs that cause UTI
1. E Coli (80% of the times) 2. GNB (klebsiella) 3. Enterococci 4. Staph saprophyticus
111
In clean surgery you are most at risk for
skin bugs 1. staph 2. strep 3. occasional GNB
112
In dirty or gut surgery you are most at risk for
1. GNB 2. Anaerobe 3. enterococci 4. streptococci
113
Clean surgery is defined as
Elective, not emergency, nontraumatic, primarily closed; no acute inflammation; no break in technique. Respiratory, gastrointestinal, biliary, and genitourinary tracts are NOT ENTERED
114
immunocomprimised patient likely to get...
TIC: | toxoplasma, isosporia, cryptosporidium
115
Common protozoa in US
giardia (resistant to gastric acid) entamoeba (resistant to gastric acid) trichomonas vaginalis
116
Can cross placenta | TORCHeS
``` Toxoplasma Rubella Cytomegalovirus Herpes/HIV/HSV Syphillis ```
117
12 opportunistic bacterial infections (more likely to affect immunocomprimised people)
1. Acinetobacter 2. Nontypical mycobacterium 3. Nocardia asteroids 4. Corynebacterium jekium 5. Listeria monocytogenes 6. Stentrophomonas 7. Alcaligenes xyloxidans 8. Bartonella hesela 9. Cryptosporidium 10. PCP 11. Isospora 12. Toxoplasma
118
Macrophage
Fights against: bacterial and fungal infection chronic responder fixed in tissue (spleen, lymph nodes, liver) activated acquired system enzyme
119
Basophil
release histamine
120
eosinophil
Releases: cytokine, PG, leukotriene, and ROS Allergy, asthma fights against: helminth and parasite
121
neutrophil
Fights against: bacterial and fungal infection acute respiratory inc in number and inc in immature neutrophil (shift to left) Job: phagocytosis and enzyme release
122
B cell
produce memory cell
123
TH1
activate macrophage
124
TH2
antibody
125
cytotoxic T cell
kill
126
suppressor T cell
turns system off
127
Complement does...
opsonize bug contribute to clumping contribute to chemotaxis cell lysis
128
8 Rapid detection testing for bugs
``` pyogenes influenza MRSA gonorrhea chlamydia HIV VRE C. Dificile ```
129
test for virulence = EIA
antigen/toxin test | enzyme linked immunoassay

A-DAD IV - Test 1 (4 decks)

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