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Flashcards in Chapter 2 Deck (24)
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0
Q

What happens when teens start thinking about possibilities?

A

There is a development of deductive reasoning - “if-then” thinking. This is a major intellectual accomplishment. Example: ways in which their lives may be affected by different career choices. They can move easily between specific and abstract to generate alternative possibilities.

1
Q

What are 5 changes in cognition during puberty?

A
  1. Think about possibilities
  2. Think about abstract concepts
  3. Think about thinking (metacognition)
  4. Think in multiple dimensions
  5. See knowledge as relative (relativism)
2
Q

What are improvements in social cognition relates to?

A

Improvements in social cognition during adolescence is directly related to improvements in the ability to think abstractly. They have the ability to comprehend higher-order abstract logic: puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies

3
Q

What is introspection?

A

There is increase introspection - thinking about our own emotions

4
Q

What is self-consciousness?

A

Increased self-consciousness- thinking that others are thinking about us

5
Q

What are some metacognitive consequences?

A

Adolescent egocentrism:

  1. Imaginary audience - believing that everyone is watching. Behaviour is the focus of others concern
  2. Personal fable - experiences are unique. Nothing bad can happen to them because they are special
6
Q

What does thinking in multiple dimensions mean?

A

Viewing things from more than one aspect, more sophisticated understanding of probability. Can understand sarcasm. Understand double- entendres

7
Q

What does adolescent relativism mean?

A

The ability to see things as relative rather than absolute. Skepticism becomes common. Everything may seem uncertain. No knowledge seems completely reliable

8
Q

The information - processing view. What are five areas of improvement?

A
  1. Selective attention and divided attention
  2. Working and long-term memory, autobiographical memories
  3. Processing speed
  4. Organization
  5. Metacognition
9
Q

What are three main characteristics of the information- processing approach

A
  1. Thinking: highly flexible, adaptations and adjustments; task -oriented; goal-directed
  2. Change mechanisms: encoding, automaticity; strategy construction
  3. Self-modulation: using the above two characteristics to actively regulate the self and redefine thinking processes
10
Q

What happens to the grey matter and white matter during adolescence?

A

Decrease in grey matter and an increase in white matter

11
Q

Which part of the brain is pruned in adolescence?

A

The prefrontal cortex the region responsible for sophisticated thinking abilities such as planning, thinking weighing risks and rewards and controlling impulses

12
Q

What are two major changes that take place in the brain in adolescence?

A
  1. The elimination of unnecessary synapses, a process called synaptic pruning especially in the prefrontal cortex
  2. Increased myelination of the brain which permits more efficient connection within and between brain regions.
13
Q

Three big changes in puberty:

A
  1. Biology
  2. Cognition
  3. Social status
14
Q

What does introspection mean?

A

Thinking about our own emotions

15
Q

What is convergent thinking?

A

How two different things are alike

16
Q

What is divergent thinking?

A

How two alike things are different

17
Q

What system is developed at adolescence and what system is not developed?

A

Limbic system matures at puberty…prefrontal cortex is not fully developed

18
Q

Prefrontal cortex has three parts.

A
  1. Dorsolateral - planning ahead
  2. Ventromedial - gut reactions, instincts
  3. Orbitofrontal - risks vs. rewards
19
Q

Changes in the brain is affected by two neurotransmitters.

A
  1. Dopamine - role in experience of reward

2. Serotonin - role in experience of different moods

20
Q

What are Sternberg’s three aspects if intelligence?

A
  1. Componential - academic problem solving
  2. Creative
  3. Contextual - our ability to think practically
21
Q

What is social cognition?

A

It involves such cognitive activities as thinking about people, social relationships, and social institutions.

22
Q

Studies in social cognition fall into 4 categories:

A
  1. Theory of mind - the ability to understand that others have beliefs, intentions, and knowledge that may be different from yours
  2. How individuals think about social relationships
  3. Individuals conceptions of laws, civil liberties and rights
  4. Individuals understanding if social conventions
23
Q

What is the behavioural decision theory?

A

Decision making on a cost/benefit analysis. Maximizing benefits. Teens don’t put as much weight on the risks. The see the benefits and underestimate the risks of the behaviours