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Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does ‘empirical’ mean?

A

Grounded in objective, tangible evidence

Empirical research relies on observable and measurable data.

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1
Q

What is a notable contradiction in studies often discussed?

A

Technology’s positive or negative impact in schools

This reflects the ongoing debate about the role of technology in education.

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1
Q

Who was Margaret Floy Washburn?

A

First woman to earn a PhD in psychology, studied animal behavior and cognition

Washburn made significant contributions to the understanding of psychological processes in animals.

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1
Q

What did Mary Whiton Calkins oppose?

A

The behaviorist movement

Calkins focused on memory and established early experimental psychology labs.

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1
Q

Who was the first female president of the American Psychological Association (APA)?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins

Calkins’ presidency marked a significant achievement for women in psychology.

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1
Q

Who was Francis Sumner?

A

First African American to receive a PhD in psychology, studied psychoanalysis and racial bias

Sumner is often referred to as the ‘Father of Black Psychology.’

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1
Q

Who was Inez Prosser?

A

First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology, studied segregated and integrated schools

Prosser’s work contributed to the understanding of educational justice.

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1
Q

What landmark case is associated with Inez Prosser’s research?

A

Brown v. Board of Education

This case addressed issues of segregation in public schools.

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1
Q

What are two factors that have changed over time in psychology?

A
  • Demographic shifts
  • Increased access to higher education among underrepresented people

These factors have led to more diverse research and psychology majors.

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1
Q

What has increased diversity in psychological research?

A

Demographic shifts and increased access to higher education

This has allowed for a wider range of perspectives in psychological studies.

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1
Q

What is the significance of generalization in research?

A

It allows findings to be applied to broader populations

Generalization is crucial for the validity of research conclusions.

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1
Q

Fill in the blank: The first African American to receive a PhD in psychology was _______.

A

Francis Sumner

Sumner’s achievements paved the way for future generations of African American psychologists.

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1
Q

What leads to inductive reasoning?

A

Real-world observations lead to inductive reasoning.

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2
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Deductive ideas can be tested.

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3
Q

What is empirical reasoning?

A

Empirical reasoning involves observations in the real world.

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4
Q

What can happen with generalizations from observations?

A

Generalizations from observations may be incorrect.

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5
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about how the world will behave if it is correct.

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6
Q

What does ‘falsifiable’ mean?

A

‘Falsifiable’ means capable of being shown to be incorrect.

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7
Q

What is an example of a theory that is not falsifiable?

A

Freud’s theories are unified but not falsifiable.

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8
Q

What is correlational research?

A

Correlational research allows researchers to identify important relationships between variables of interest.

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9
Q

What is a limitation of correlational research?

A

Correlational research cannot make claims about cause and effect; an experiment must be performed.

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10
Q

What is a clinical/case study?

A

A clinical/case study focuses on only one individual or a small group of people.

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11
Q

What is a benefit of a clinical/case study?

A

It provides deep insight.

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12
Q

What is a limitation of a clinical/case study?

A

Findings cannot be generalized to a larger segment of society.

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13
What is naturalistic observation?
Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in its natural setting.
14
What is the importance of being unobtrusive in observation?
Observers must be as unobtrusive as possible to avoid influencing the subjects.
15
What is a positive aspect of unobtrusive observation?
It has a high degree of validity and allows for enhanced generalization.
16
What are the challenges of setting up unobtrusive observation?
It is difficult to set up and control, requiring a significant investment of time, money, and luck.
17
What is observer bias?
Observer bias occurs when individuals unconsciously skew observations to fit their research goals or expectations.
18
What is inter-rater reliability?
Inter-rater reliability is a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers.
19
What is a survey?
A survey is a list of questions to be answered by participants.
20
What is a sample in research?
A sample is a subset of a population, representing a group of individuals of interest.
21
How do researchers generalize findings to the population?
Researchers calculate measures of central tendency from data to generalize to the population.
22
What are the measures of central tendency?
The measures of central tendency are mode, median, and mean.
23
What is a limitation of collecting data from a larger sample?
Collecting data from a larger sample may result in less depth on individuals and potential dishonesty.
24
What is archival research?
Archival research involves looking for patterns or relationships from past records or data sets.
25
What are the advantages of archival research?
It requires less time and money due to a lack of participant interaction.
26
What are the disadvantages of archival research?
There is a lack of control over the information collected and potential inconsistency between records.
27
What is longitudinal research?
Longitudinal research involves data-gathering administered repeatedly over an extended period of time.
28
What is a benefit of longitudinal research?
Studying the same individuals over a long time period means less difference among cohorts.
29
What are high attrition rates?
High attrition rates refer to a reduction in participants due to dropouts, which can lead to illness or death.
30
What is cross-sectional research?
Cross-sectional research involves comparing multiple segments of the population at the same time.
31
What limits cross-sectional research?
Cross-sectional research is limited by generational differences, such as social and cultural factors.
32
What does a correlation coefficient indicate?
A correlation coefficient indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between variables.
33
What does 'correlation does not mean causation' imply?
This implies that a correlation may exist, but it could be due to a confounding variable that influences both variables.
34
What is a spurious correlation?
A spurious correlation occurs when people believe relationships exist between things when no such relationship exists, such as the moon phase and behavior.
35
What is confirmation bias?
Confirmation bias is the tendency to seek evidence that supports a hunch while ignoring evidence that opposes it.
36
What is the only way to establish a cause and effect relationship?
Experiments are the only way to establish a cause and effect relationship.
37
What is the difference between experimental and control groups?
The experimental group receives the experimental manipulation, while the control group does not.
38
What is an operational definition?
An operational definition is a precise description of our variables that aids in data interpretation.
39
What is experimenter bias?
Experimenter bias occurs when a researcher's expectations might skew the results of a study.
40
What is a single-blind study?
In a single-blind study, participants may not know if they are in the experimental or control group, but the researcher does.
41
What is a double-blind study?
A study in which both researchers and participants are blind to group assignments.
42
Why are double-blind studies used?
To limit the placebo effect, as people's expectations or beliefs can influence their experience.
43
What is a random sample?
A subset of a larger population where every member has an equal chance of being selected.
44
Why is a large enough sample important?
It is more likely to be representative of the larger population.
45
What does random assignment ensure?
All participants have an equal chance of being assigned to either group.
46
What is critical in observing differences between groups?
That the observed differences are due to the independent variable and not systematic differences.
47
What does statistical analysis determine?
If there are meaningful differences between groups and the likelihood that the difference found is due to chance.
48
What is a statistically significant difference?
A difference with a 25% chance of observing it if the groups did not differ.
49
What is the purpose of peer reviewing?
To check the quality, rationale for research, description of how it was conducted, and ethical considerations.
50
What does peer reviewing evaluate?
Flaws in design, method, statistical analyses, and whether reasonable conclusions are based on observations made.
51
What is assessed in peer reviewing regarding research value?
Whether the research is valuable in advancing discussions in the field.

Psychology (12 decks)

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