Chapter 7 Flashcards by Suzanna Baron

Cognition

Encompasses processes associated with perception, knowledge, problem-solving, judgement, language, and memory

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Cognitive psychology

Studies how people think and interactions among human thinking, emotion, creativity, language, and problem0solving

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Concepts

A big idea generated by observing details, categorizing and combining them into cognitive structures

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Natural concept

Created naturally through experiences and developed from direct or indirect experiences

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Artificial concept

A concept defined by a specific set of characteristics

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Prototype

The best representation of a concept (ie, when I think of a dog I picture the prototype of a golden retriever)

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Schemata

A mental construct consisting of a cluster or collection of related concepts

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Purpose of a schemata

A method of organizing information that allows the brain to work more efficiently

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Role schema

Assumes how individuals in certain roles will behave (ie, firefighter = brave)

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Event schema

A set of behaviors that can feel like a routine (ie, habits are hard to break)

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Language

A communication system involving words and systematic rules to organize the words to transmit information between individuals

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Lexicon

The vocabulary of a language

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Grammar

A set of rules used to convey meaning through the use of the lexicon

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Phoneme

Sound unit of a given language

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Morphemes

The smallest unit of a language that carries meaning

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Semantics

The process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

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Syntax

The way words are organized into sentences

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Behaviorist (skinner) view on language acquirement

Language is learned through reinforcement

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Chomsky’s view on language acquirement

Language acquisition is a biological predisposition

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Overgeneralization

Extension of a language rule to an exception to the rule

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Linguistic determinism

Language shapes thought

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Why is linguistic determinism a valid stance?

Some words don’t translate between languages, so those words may produce different patterns of thought

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Problem-solving strategy

A plan of action used to find a solution

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Three types of problem-solving strategies

Trial & error, algorithm, heuristic

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Trial and error

Continue trying different solutions until the problem is solved

Algorithm

Step by step problem solving

Heuristic

General problem solving framework

Mental set

Persiste in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is not working now

Functional fixedness

A mental set where one cannot perceive an object being used for something other than its design

Anchoring bias

Focusing only on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem

Confirmation bias

Focusing on one piece of information that confirms existing beliefs

Hindsight bias

Believing the event one just experienced was predictable, even though it wasn’t

Representative bias

Unintentionally stereotyping someone or something

Availability heuristic

A heuristic where one makes a decision based on a readily available example, information, or recent experience that may be faulty

Cattell’s two types of intelligence

Crystallized and fluid

Crystallized intelligence

Acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

Fluid intelligence

Ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence

Analytical, creative, practical

Analytical intelligence

Academic problem solving and computation

Creative intelligence

Imaginative and innovative problem solving

Practical intelligence

Street smarts and common sense

Multiple intelligences theory (Gardner)

Everyone has at least eight intelligences (lacks empirical evidence)

Emotional intelligence

Ability to understand the emotions of oneself and others

Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory of cognitive abilities

Abilities are related and arranged in a hierarchy - general, broad, narrow

General abilities

General intelligence

Broad abilities

Fluid reasoning, short-term memory, processing speed

Narrow level

Specific forms of cognitive abilities

Cultural intelligence

How well one relates to values of another culture

Creativity

Ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities

Divergent thinking

Arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem

Convergent thinking

Provide a correct or well-established answer to a problem

Source of intelligence

Is influenced by genetics and the environment

Range of reaction

Each person responds to the environment in a unique way based on their genetic makeup

Learning disabilities

Cognitive disorders that affect different areas of cognition. This is a specific neurological impairment

Dysgraphia

Struggle to write legibly and put ideas on paper

Dyslexia

Inability to correctly process letters, struggle with sound-letter correspondence

Dyscalculia

Difficulty learning or comprehending arithmetic

A score earned on a test designed to measure intelligence

Standardization

The manner of administration, scoring, and interpreting of results is consistent

Norming

Giving a test to a large population so data can be collected by comparing groups

Flynn effect

An observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous