chapter 2

Question 1

what are the primary innate immune defenses

Answer 1

physicals barriers, chemical barriers and phagocytes and other innate immune cells

Question 2

___ ___ between epithelial cells prevent entry by microbes

Answer 2

tight junctions

Question 3

cells that line the digestive tract and airways also form a ____

Answer 3

barrier

Question 4

what are chemical barriers

Answer 4

acid pH, antimicrobial proteins, antimicrobial peptides, and complement system

Question 5

antimicrobial peptides: ____ disrupt bacterial and viral membranes

Answer 5

defensins

Question 6

antimicrobial proteins: ____ digests bacterial cell wall

Answer 6

lysosome

Question 7

____ and ____ are recruited to the site of infection (phagocytes)

Answer 7

macrophages and neutrophils

Question 8

____ have cell surface receptors that recognize either an opsonin or molecular pattern on pathogen surface

Answer 8

phagocytes

Question 9

phagosome fusion with lysosome produces ______

Answer 9

phagolysosome

Question 10

innate immune cells recognize potential pathogens with receptors that recognize

Answer 10

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Question 11

types of innate immune cell receptors (5)

Answer 11

toll-like
lectin
scavenger
cytosolic innate
opsonin

Question 12

toll like receptors of the innate response have receptors for

Answer 12

gram - and + bacteria + viruses

Question 13

lectin receptors of the innate response have receptors for

Answer 13

carbohydrates common to pathogen cell surfaces

Question 14

lectin binding activates ____

Answer 14

phagocytosis

Question 15

scavenger receptors bind ____ charged lignads

Answer 15

negatively

Question 16

recognizes intracellular cytosolic PAMPs such as viral nucleic acids and bacterial signaling molecules

Answer 16

cytosolic innate receptors

Question 17

cytosolic innate receptors activate cell responses that inhibit growth of intracellular pathogens and recruit ____ to destroy infected host cells

Answer 17

WBC

Question 18

___ receptors bind immunoglobulins bound to microbial cell surfaces

Answer 18

Fc

Question 19

secreted proteins that have signaling roles in the immune response

Answer 19

cytokines

Question 20

inflammatory cytokines include ___ and ____

Answer 20

TNF and IL-1

Question 21

a type of cytokine that act as a chemoattractants for immune cells to come to site of infection

Answer 21

chemokines

Question 22

TLRs (toll like) are transmembrane proteins have pathogen recognition domain consists of _____ ____ repeat motif

Answer 22

leucine-rich

Question 23

TLRs that recognize nucleic acids activate transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7 via a signaling pathway that involves ___ and ____

Answer 23

TRIF and TRAM

Question 24

TLRs that bind extracellular bacterial PAMPs activate NFkB which causes ____ to bind to the TIR domain

Answer 24

MyD88

Question 25

MyD88 brings the protein kinase _____

Answer 25

IRAK4

Question 26

two types of opsonin receptors

Answer 26

complement and Fc

Question 27

what process is facilitated by opsonin receptors

Answer 27

phagocytosis

Question 28

TLR ---> NFkB ----> induces production of ____ ____

Answer 28

inflammatory cytokines

Question 29

which cytokines produced by macrophages by increases vascular permeability and induces fever

Answer 29

IL-1B and TNF-a

Question 30

which cytokines produced by macrophages induces release of acute-phase proteins and induce fever

Answer 30

IL-6 (viral)