chapter 2 Flashcards
the self (23 cards)
describe the self concept and schema
Self-concept is our knowledge and beliefs about who we are, and self-schemas are our beliefs about ourselves that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
recognize the impact of culture on shaping the self concept (individualism and collectivisim)
Individualism is our independent self, and collectivism is our interdependent self
understand the effect of thinking styles (holistics and analytic)
The analytic thinking style focuses on objects without considering the surrounding context; the holistic thinking style focuses on the overall context and the relation between objects
explore how self-knowledge can shift and be inaccurate
People often interpret information in a way that reinforces their existing self-concept, leading to an inaccurate perception of themselves, particularly when under pressure to present a favorable image to others
understand the sources of self-knowledge, both outward and inward
looking inward - introspection (the examination of one’s own conscious thoughts and feelings) looking outward - social comparison
understand how we use others to know the self
Social comparison theory - people compare themselves to others to learn about their own abilities and attitudes
define self evaluation, self enhsncement self improvement
Self evaluation - compare with similar others
self enhancement - downward social comparison; compare with worse off others
self improvement - upward social comparison; compared to better offs
define introspection
turning inward to explain why we feel, act, or do
recgnize the downfall of introspection for understanding the self (impact bias, planning fallacy)
planning fallacy is the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task, impact bias is overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events, introspection can call to mind the “wrong” infromation
understand how introspection can lead us astray
foster conflict, discrimination, lapses in ethics, and barriers to self-knowledge and social intimacy
define dual attitude system
differing implicit and explicit attitudes towards the same thing
explore how the self is motivated to maintain a positive perspective
leveraging their sense of self-efficacy, actively focusing on personal strengths, utilizing optimistic thinking patterns, setting achievable goals, seeking positive and social support, and challenging negative thoughts
describe self esteem
a person’s self evaluation or sense of self worth.
Describe the implication of self-esteem on life outcomes
Low self-esteem is related to negative outcomes, and high self-esteem is related to positive outcomes, but it does not guarantee success
Define narcissism and own it. It can manifest in behavior
an inflated sense of self
- different from self-esteem in that narcissists are more self-centered
- manifests in behavior; people expect special favors and expect other people to do what they want without questioning them
how is narcissism different from self-eficacy
Narcissism is an inflated and often unrealistic sense of self-importance and entitlement, whereas self eficacy is a healthy belief in one’s abilities to achieve goals and overcome challenges
describe the ways in which the self maintains a positive self view
self-serving bias - the tendency to perceive oneself favorably
what traits do we tend to over/underestimate through self-serving bias
We tend to overestimate our positive abilities like intelligence, competence, or effort when explaining their successes, while underestimating their negative traits and responsibility when explaining our failures, essentially taking more credit for good outcomes and blaming external factors for negative ones
What are self-serving attributions
taking credit for successes nd blaming others or the situation for failures
define self esteem and self eficacy
Self-esteem is a person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth. Self-efficacy is a sense that one is competent and effective - how competent we feel on a task
define imposter syndrome
describes high-acheiving individuals who, despite their objective success, fail to internalize their accomplishments and have persistent self-doubt and fear of being exposed as a fraud or imposter
predictors and outcomes of imposter syndrome
Predictors: personality traits like oerfectionism, low self-esteem, social comparison, and belongingness issues
outcomes: depression, anxiety, self-sabotage, and reluctance to take on new challenges
strategies to decrease imposter syndrome
seek out mentorship, share your experience with a colleague informally, practice meditation and mindfulness, focus on your strengths through journaling, rehearse acting confident
