chapter 3

Question 1

automatic thinking

Answer 1

unconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless
- influences more of our actions than we realize
- automatic thinking shapes our perceptions, judgements, and behaviors

Question 2

controlled

Answer 2

conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful

Question 3

the power of automatic thinking: snao judgements

Answer 3

forming impressions based on the slightest of cues

Question 4

priming

Answer 4

stimulus in the environment activates information in the memory
- activated information then influences subsequent judgments

Question 5

schemas

Answer 5

mental structures used to organize knowledge about the world and guide how we notice, think about, and remember the world
- object schemas, self-schemas, group schemas

Question 6

schemas shape evaluations

Answer 6

oliver, marder, erz, kietzmann
- ps shown images of instructors in front of a whiteboard
- formal vs. informal attire
- ps related instructor on warmth and competence

Question 7

results of Olivia, marder, era, and kietzmann

Answer 7

competence higher with formal attire and warmth higher with informal attire

Question 8

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 8

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment

Question 9

behavioral confirmation

Answer 9

the process by which an expectation about a person eventually leads that person to behave in ways that confirm the expectation

Question 10

heuristics: a form of automatic thinking

Answer 10

a thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements

Question 11

availability heuristic

Answer 11

basing a judgment of likelihood on the ease with which we can bring the information to mind

Question 12

representative heuristic

Answer 12

classifying something or someone as belonging to a group based on how similar it is to a typical case despite contrary odds

Question 13

base rate information

Answer 13

Information about the frequency of members in a group

Question 14

How is the representative heuristic different from stereotypes

Answer 14

representative heuristic applies when classifying a variety of stimuli (which can be people), similarity is based on prior knowledge (which can be stereotypes)

Question 15

overconfidence phenomenon

Answer 15

the tendency to be more confident than correct
- confidence ratings and academic performances

Question 16

dunning-Krueger effect

Answer 16

incompetence feeds overconfidence

Question 17

conformation bias

Answer 17

a tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions

Question 18

counterfactual thinking

Answer 18

mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been
- the “if I had only…” effect

Question 19

illusory correlation

Answer 19

perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

Question 20

the effect of mood on judgements

Answer 20

a temporary good or bad mood influenced people’s ratings of their videotaped behavior. those in a bad mood detected far fewer positive attitudes

Question 21

attribution theory

Answer 21

people generally believe behavior is caused

attributions allow people to predict and control the environment

people explain causes as either internal/dispositional or external/situational

Question 22

fundamental attribution error

Answer 22

tendency for observers to overestimate internal and underestimate external causes of behavior

Question 23

misattribution

Answer 23

mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong source

Question 24

why do people commit the FAE

Answer 24

we lack situational information

perceptual salience: the seeming importance of information that is the focus of people’s attention

not so fundamental: collectivistic cultures less likelu yo commit FAE

Question 25

two-step process of attribution

Answer 25

step 1: spontaneous trait inference step 2: make an effortful situational correction only when information about the situation is salient or we have enough mental energy