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Chapter 2 Flashcards

Chapter 2: The Anatomy and Evolution of the Nervous System

1
Q

The Meninges

A 
3 layers in the CNS:
–Dura mater
    •Hard mother, outermost layer
–Arachnoid membrane
–Pia mater
     •Pious mother
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2
Q

Ventricles

A

Four ventricles:
•2 lateral ventricles
•3rd ventricle
•4th ventricle

Filled with cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

CSF moves through self-contained and separate circulation system from blood supply

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3
Q

Production of CSF

A
  • Made by choroid plexus (in ventricles)

* Similar composition to clear plasma of blood

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4
Q

Cerebral Blood Supply

A

Brain ~2% of body mass but uses ~16% of blood

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5
Q

The 2 Divisions of the Nervous System

A

Central (CNS): brain and spinal cord

Peripheral (PNS): nerves connecting CNS to muscles, organs, and skin.

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6
Q

Efferent Nerves

A

(Motor) – goes out from CNS to muscles and organs

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7
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

(Sensory) – goes toward CNS from sensory receptors

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8
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A 
Somatic:
–Cranial nerves and spinal nerves
–Somatosensory and skeletal motor
Autonomic:
–Glands and organs
–Sympathetic
–Parasympathetic
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9
Q

Somatic Nervous System: Cranial Nerves

A

–12 pairs
–Exit/enter directly from brain
–Sensory nerves, Motor nerves, and Mixed nerves

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10
Q

Name the 12 Cranial Nerves

A
  1. Olfactory
  2. Optic
  3. Oculomotor
  4. Trochlear
  5. Trigeminal
  6. Abducens
  7. Facial
  8. Auditory
  9. Glossopharyngeal
  10. Vagus
  11. Spinal accessory
  12. Hypoglossal
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11
Q

Spinal nerves

A

–31 left/right pairs

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12
Q

Spinal cord has two parallel pathways

A

Spinal cord has 2 parallel pathways
–Sensory Nerves: Dorsal Root
–Motor Nerves: Ventral Root

Covered by only two layers of Meninges
Outside spinal cord nerves swell to form spinal ganglion

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13
Q

Ventral Root

A

Motor Nerves

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14
Q

Dorsal Root

A

Sensory Nerves

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15
Q

Outside the spinal cord nerves swell to form ______.

A

spinal ganglion

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16
Q

Bundle of Axons in the Central Nervous System

A

a Tract

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17
Q

Bundle of Axons in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

a Nerve

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18
Q

Group of Cell Bodies in the Central Nervous System

A

a Nucleus

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19
Q

Group of Cell Bodies in the Peripheral Nervous System

A

a Ganglion

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20
Q

Spinal cord damage

A

Quadriplegic: thoracic and above
Paraplegic: lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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21
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A 
Two divisions
–Sympathetic
–Parasympathetic
Involved in regulating four critical bodily states related to survival— i.e., the 4 Fs:
–Fighting
–Fleeing
–Feeding
–…..Reproduction
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22
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A 
Rest and digest
•Calms body to conserve and maintain energy
•Release acetylcholine
•Lowers heart rate and blood pressure
•Stimulates digestion
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23
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A 
Fight or flight
•Release adrenaline and norepinephrine
•Raises heart rate and blood pressure
•Raises blood flow to skeletal muscles
•Inhibits digestion
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24
Q

What Develops from the Hindbrain?

A
  • The Metencephalon: Pons and Cerebellum

* The Myencaphalon (Medulla)

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25
Q

What Develops from the Metencephalon?

A

the Pons and the Cerebellum

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26
Q

Medulla

A

–Major relay between the spinal cord and brain
–Cranial nerves
–Vital functions:
breathing, heart rate, blood pressure

Reticular Formation: Arousal
Cranial Nerve Nuclei: Various functions

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27
Q

Pons

A

(the bridge)
–Sleep, arousal, audition, balance

Vestibular Nucleus: Balance and Position
Cochlear Nucleus: Sound
Raphe Nucleus: Sleep and Arousal
Locus Coeruleus: Sleep and Arousal
Reticular Formation: Arousal
Cranial Nerve Nuclei: Various functions
28
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor coordination, balance, cognition

29
Q

Myelencephalon

A

Medulla (Hindbrain)

30
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

31
Q

What Develops from the Diencephalon?

A

The Thalamus and the Hypothalamus

32
Q

The Forebrain Consists of What 2 Major Divisions?

A

the Diencephalon and the Telencephalon

33
Q

Tectum

A

dorsal half of the midbrain

34
Q

Tegmentum

A

ventral half

35
Q

Cerebral Aqueduct

A

links the third and fourth ventricles

36
Q

What separates the Tectum and the Tegmentum of the midterm?

A

cerebral aqueduct

37
Q

Superior Colliculi

A

Guide eye movements and fixation of gaze

Part of the Tectum

38
Q

Inferior Colliculi

A

Locate direction of sounds

Part of the Tectum

39
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Involved in Arousal

Found in the Midbrain, the Pons, the Medulla

40
Q

Vestibular Nucleus

A

Involved in Balance and Position

41
Q

Periaqueductal Gray

A

Pain

Located in the Midbrain

42
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

Motor function

Located in the Midbrain

43
Q

Red Nucleus

A

Motor function

Located in the Midbrain

44
Q

Diminished Substantia Nigra is seen in what disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease

45
Q

Midbrain

A

Also known as the Mesencephalon.

Red Nucleus: Motor Function
Substantia Nigra: Motor Function
Periaqueductal Gray: Pain
Reticular Formation: Arousal
Cranial Nerve Nuclei: Various functions
Inferior Colliculi: Locate direction of sounds
Superior Colliculi: Guide eye movements and fixation of gaze

46
Q

What Develops from the Telencaphalon?

A

Isocortex, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System

47
Q

Thalamus

A

–Sensory relay

–Arousal, consciousness

48
Q

Hypothalamus

A

−Regulatory center
–Controls pituitary gland
–ANS control

49
Q

Limbic System

A

Collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behavior and learning
Composed of the Amygdala, the Hippocampus, the Anterior Cingulate Cortex, etc.

50
Q

Basal Ganglia

A
  • Control of movement
  • Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease
  • ADHD, OCD
51
Q

Neocortex composes what percentage of the human cerebral cortex?

A

90%

52
Q

Features of the Cortex

A
  • Gyrus (Hills)
  • Sulcus (Valleys)
  • Fissure
  • Hemispheres
53
Q

Encephalization Quotient

A

Ratio of brain size to body size

Humans have the largest EQ, at 7.44

54
Q

Contralateral Connections

A

the Corpus Callosum and Anterior Commissure link the 2 hemispheres of the brain

55
Q

Frontal Lobe

A
  • Forward-most part of cerebral cortex
  • Contains primary motor cortex, prefontal cortex, Broca’s area
  • Roles in motor function, language, memory, many “advanced” functions
56
Q

Central Sulcus:

A

frontal lobe region that separates precentral gyrus from postcentral gyrus

57
Q

Frontal Lobe: Precentral Gyrus

A

the Precentral Gyrus is the frontal lobe region that contains Primary Motor cortex and controls Voluntary Body Movement

58
Q

Frontal Lobe: Prefrontal Cortex

A

•Functions include: planning and organization, attention, decision making, impulse control
•Phineas Gage
•Implicated in a number of psychopathologies:
–Schizophrenia
–ADHD
–Sociopaths

59
Q

Parietal Lobe

A
  • Primary somatosensory cortex, association cortex

* Specialized for skin senses and senses that inform us about body position and movement, spatial perception

60
Q

Association Cortex

A

areas capable of integrating sensory input with motor output

61
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

Parietal lobe region that contains primary somatosensory cortex

62
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

•Primary auditory cortex, visual and auditory association areas, additional language areas, Limbic system

63
Q

Medial Temporal Lobe

A

Location of many Limbic system structures, including amygdala and hippocampus

64
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

•Primary visual cortex: where visual information is processed

65
Q

Pia Mater

A

The thin innermost layer of the 3 meninges covering the CNS

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