Chapter 2

Question 1

when did tests and testing programs come into being?

Answer 1

tests and testing programs first came into being in China as early as 2200 B.C.E

Question 2

in this time period, tests emphasized knowledge of classical literature

Answer 2

SONG (OR SUNG) DYNASTY - 960 TO 1279 C.E

Question 3

in this time period, writings are indicative of attempts to categorize people in terms of personality types

Answer 3

GRECO-ROMAN

Question 3

what are the four personality types based on body fluid?

Answer 3

SANGUINE (BLOOD)
CHOLERIC (YELLOW BILE)
MELANCHOLIC (BLACK BILE)
PHLEGMATIC (PHLEGM)

Question 4

this personality type, based on body fluid, is characterized as cheerful, extroverted, and confident

Answer 4

SANGUINE (BLOOD)

Question 5

this personality type, based on body fluid, refers to an angry and short-tempered personality

Answer 5

CHOLERIC (YELLOW BILE

Question 6

this personality type, based on body fluid, is characterized by sadness, insomnia, and irritability.

It is somewhat similar to the description of depression

Answer 6

MELANCHOLIC (BLACK BILE)

Question 6

this personality type, based on body fluid, is defined as calm, relaxed, and sluggish

Answer 6

PHLEGMATIC (PHLEGM)

Question 7

in this time period, Christian von Wolff had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science

Answer 7

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY (18TH CENTURY)

Question 8

Who founded the first psychology lab in Germany?

focused on how people were similar, not different

Answer 8

Wilhelm Wundt

Question 9

Who developed test reliability and factor analysis?

Answer 9

Charles Spearman

Question 10

who founded the first psychological clinic in the U.S. and is known as the “founder of clinical psychology,” launching the Psychological Clinic journal in 1907.

Answer 10

Lightner Witmer

Question 10

Who collaborated with Binet on measuring higher mental processes?

Answer 10

Victor Henri

Question 10

who made the Binet-Simon test?

Answer 10

Alfred Binet and his colleague Victor Henri

Question 11

Who pioneered the word “association test”?

Answer 11

Emil Kraepelin

Question 11

who developed an Anthropometric Laboratory?

an extremely influential contributor to the field of measurement

Half-cousin of Charles Darwin

explored and quantified the individual differences between people

Answer 11

FRANCIS GALTON

Question 12

Who coined the term “mental test”?

Answer 12

James McKeen Cattell

Question 12

What intelligence tests were developed during World War I to classify new soldiers based on their cognitive abilities?

Answer 12

Army Alpha and Army Beta

Question 12

this person developed the product-moment correlation technique

Answer 12

KARL PEARSON

Question 13

What was the old name for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale?

Answer 13

Wechsler-Believue Intelligence Scale

Question 14

who developed a 30-item intelligence test to identify children in Paris with Intellectual disabilities?

Answer 14

Binet and Theodore Simon

Question 15

What military test was distributed to determine whether draftees could read English, but also to evaluate soldiers so that they could be assigned to tasks or training in alignment with their abilities?

Answer 15

Army Alpha

Question 16

What military test was developed for those men with limited literacy who were unable to respond to the written test?

Answer 16

Army Beta

Question 17

What test was a self-report measure of personality designed to assess emotional stability, particularly in military settings

was the first widely used self-report measure of personality

Answer 17

Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

Question 18

What questionnaire was developed to assess adjustment and stability discreetly, and who developed it?

Answer 18

Personal Data Sheet Robert S. Woodworth

Question 18

these tests were developed to circumvent the limitations of self-reports, projective tests allow individuals to "project" unconscious feelings, needs, and motivations onto ambiguous stimuli

Answer 18

projective tests

Question 19

this measure of personality focused on what individuals provide information about themselves through direct responses, self-monitoring, or diaries.

Answer 19

self-report method

Question 19

why is the self-report method unreliable?

Answer 19

self-reports can lack objectivity as people may not have accurate self-insight or might withhold personal information

Question 20

this projective test uses inkblots to reveal unconscious elements of personality, developed by Hermann Rorschach

Answer 20

Rorschach Inkblot Test

Question 21

this projective test was popularized by Henry A. Murray and Christiana D. Morgan, this test uses ambiguous pictures to encourage storytelling that reflects inner conflicts and desires.

Answer 21

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Question 22

which key figure adopted Binet's test in the US and led the immigration testing project? he reported high rates of "feeblemindedness" among various immigrant groups (e.g., 83% of Jews, 80% of Hungarians, 79% of Italians, and 87% of Russians). his study sparked debates on the nature versus nurture aspects of intelligence and the cultural biases present in intelligence testing

Answer 22

Henry H. Goddard

Question 23

this term, in the context of psychological assessment is defined as “the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people”

Answer 23

Culture

Question 24

this term refers to the science of improving the qualities of a breed through intervention with factors related to heredity

Answer 24

EUGENICS

Question 24

these tests were developed for use within a single cultural group to minimize cultural and linguistic bias

Answer 24

culture-specific tests

Question 25

this term refers to the voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all in education and employment

Answer 25

AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

Question 26

what was published by the APA Committee on Ethical Standards for Psychology for the classification of tests based on the level of expertise required for their administration and interpretation?

Answer 26

Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids

Question 27

this term, in the context of psychological assessment, are established rules that individuals must follow for the benefit of society. They are designed to maintain order and protect the welfare of the community.

Answer 27

Laws

Question 28

this term, in the context of psychological assessment, refers to a set of principles regarding what constitutes right, proper, or good conduct. guides behavior within professions and society.

Answer 28

ethics

Question 29

this term refers to the recognized standards within professional fields that define the expected conduct of practitioners

Answer 29

codes of ethics

Question 29

this term refers to the level of diagnostic or therapeutic services that a reasonably prudent professional would provide in similar circumstances. emphasizes the responsibility of professionals to meet a baseline of quality in their services, ensuring that they act in the best interest of their clients or patients under prevailing conditions

Answer 29

standard of care

Question 30

what is the level of expertise required for tests that can be administered, scored, and interpreted using the manual with basic training in the relevant organizational context? Examples: Achievement and proficiency tests

Answer 30

Level A

Question 31

what is the level of expertise required for tests that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use, along with an understanding of related fields such as statistics, psychology, and educational principles? Examples: Aptitude tests and adjustment inventories for normal populations

Answer 31

Level B

Question 32

this type of scale includes variables that can theoretically be divided infinitely Examples include measurements like height and depression levels, which can take on a wide range of values.

Answer 32

Continuous Scales

Question 33

what is the level of expertise that is required for tests that necessitate substantial expertise in testing and supporting psychological fields, as well as supervised experience in using these tests? Example: Projective tests and individual mental tests

Answer 33

Level C

Question 34

what is the difference between confidentiality and privilege?

Answer 34

confidentiality protects communications outside of legal settings while privilege also does protects information from being disclosed in court; however, it is not absolute and can be overridden by court orders

Question 35

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome

Answer 35

disparate treatment

Question 36

Who is credited with originating the concept of test reliability and building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis?

Answer 36

Charles Spearman

Question 36

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions.

Answer 36

reverse discrimination

Question 36

what are the four ethics (principles) of psychological testing and assessment?

Answer 36

1. RESPECT FOR THE DIGNITY OF ALL HUMAN BEINGS 2. COMPETENT CARING FOR THE WELL-BEING OF OTHERS 3. INTEGRITY 4. PROFESSIONAL & SCIENTIFIC RESPONSIBILITY TO SOCIETY

Question 37

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions

Answer 37

discrimination

Question 37

who made the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Answer 37

Lewis Terman

Question 37

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that unintentionally resulted in a discriminatory result or outcome

Answer 37

DISPARATE IMPACT

Question 37

this term refers to the court-mediated resolution of legal matters of a civil, criminal or administrative nature

Answer 37

LITIGATION

Question 37

what are the rights of test-takers?

Answer 37

1. the right to informed consent 2. the right to be informed of test findings 3. the right to privacy and confidentiality 4. the right to the least stigmatizing label 5. the right to withdraw