Chapter 2 Flashcards
0
Q
What are elements determined by
A
Their atomic number
1
Q
Number of protons plus number of neutrons
A
Mass number
2
Q
Number of protons
A
Atomic number
3
Q
Differs in the number of neutrons
A
Isotopes
4
Q
Exact mass of all particles
A
Atomic weight
5
Q
Electrons in the electron cloud determines
A
The reactivity of an atom
6
Q
Determines bonding properties
Outermost shell
A
Valence shell
7
Q
Two or more atoms joined by strong bonds
A
Molecules
8
Q
Two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds
A
Compounds
9
Q
Attraction between the opposite charges them draws the two ions together
A
Ionic bond
10
Q
One atom loses one or more electrons and becomes a cation with a positive charge
A
Electron donor
11
Q
Gains electrons and becomes an anion with a negative charge
A
Electron acceptor
12
Q
Involves the sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms
A
Covalent
13
Q
Sharing one pair of electrons
A
Single covalent bond
14
Q
Sharing two pairs of electrons
A
Double covalent bond
15
Q
Sharing three pairs of electrons
A
Triple covalent bond
16
Q
Involve equal sharing of electrons because atoms involved in the bond have equal pull for the electrons
A
Non polar covalent bonds
17
Q
Involves the unequal sharing or electrons because one of the atoms involved in the bond has a disproportionate strong pull on the electrons
Like water
A
Polar covalent bonds
18
Q
Bond between adjacent molecules not atoms
Involves slightly positive slightly negative portions of polar molecules being attracted to one another
A
Hydrogen bonds
19
Q
Changes volume and shape
A
Gas
20
Q
Constant volume and shape
A
Solid
21
Q
Constant volume but changes shape
A
Liquid
22
Q
Types of chemical bonds in order from strongest to weakest
A
- Ionic
- Covalent
- Hydrogen
23
Q
Attraction between cations and anions
A
Ionic bonds
24
Weak polar bonds based on partial electrical attractions
Hydrogen bonds
25
Strong electrical bonds involving shared electrons
Covalent bonds
26
All of the reactants that are occurring at one time
Metabolism
27
Materials going into a reaction
Reactants
28
Materials coming out of a reaction
Products
29
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds
Chemical energy
30
The power to do work
Energy
31
Stored energy
Potential
32
Energy of motion
Kinetic energy
33
A change in mass or distance
Work
34
Types of chemical reactions:
Decomposition (catabolism
Synthesis (anabolism)
Exchange
Reversible
35
At equilibrium the amount of chemicals do not change even though the reactants are still occurring
Reversible reaction
36
Involves decomposition first then synthesis
Exchange reaction
37
Forms chemical bonds
| *dehydration/condensation
Anabolism/synthesis
38
Breaks chemical bonds
| Involves hydrolysis
Catabolism/decomposition
39
The amount of energy needed to get a reaction started
Activation energy
40
Are protein catalyst that lower the activation energy
Enzymes
41
Produce more energy than they use
Exergonic
42
Use more energy than they produce
Endergonic
43
Molecules based on carbon and hydrogen
| Ex: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Organic compounds
44
Essential molecules obtained from food
Nutrients
45
Molecules not based on carbon and hydrogen
| Ex: carbon dioxide, oxygen, water, and inorganic acids, bases, and salts
Inorganic compounds
46
Molecules made or broken down in the body
Metabolites
47
Accounts for 2/3's of your body weight
Water
48
Uniform mixture of two or more substances
It consists of a solvent or medium in which atoms ions or molecules of another substance called a solute, are individually dispersed
Solution
49
To moisten and reduce friction
Lubrication
50
Waters ability to dissolve a solute in a solution to make a solution
Solubility
51
Most body chemistry occurs in water
Reactivity
52
Waters ability to absorb and retain heat
Heat capacity
53
Properties of water
Solubility
Reactivity
Heat capacity
Lubrication
54
What do ions and polar compounds undergo in water
Ionization or dissociation
55
Are inorganic ions that conduct electricity in solution
Electrolytes
56
Interacts with water
Hydrophilic
57
Does not interact with water
Hydrophobic
58
Amount of solute in a solvent
Concentration
59
A solution in which particles settle (sediment)
| Ex: whole blood
Suspension
60
A solution of very large organic molecules
| For ex: blood plasma
Colloid
61
Whole blood consists of
Formed elements and plasma
62
Red blood cells (99.9% by volume)
| White blood cells or leukocytes platelets (0.01%)
Formed elements
63
Plasma consists of
```
Water (92%)
Plasma proteins (7%)
Other solutes (1%)
```
64
The percentage of whole blood occupied by cellular elements
Hematocrit
65
A balance of H+ and OH-
| Ex: pure water = 7
Neutral pH
66
The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution
pH
67
High H+ concentration
Low OH- concentration
Lower than 7
Acidic pH
68
Low H+ concentration
High OH- concentration
Higher than 7
Basic or alkaline
69
pH of Human blood
7.35-7.45
70
pH scale has what kind of relationship
An inverse relationship with H+ concentration
More H+ ions means lower pH /acidic
Less H+ ions means higher pH /basic
71
Solute that adds hydrogen
Proton donor
Strong acids Dissociates completely
Acid
72
Solute that removes hydrogen
Proton acceptor
Strong bases dissociate completely
Base
73
Solutions that dissociate into cations and anions other that hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions
Salts
74
Weak acid/salt compounds
Neutralize either strong acid or strong base
Sodium bicarbonate is very important in humans
Buffers
75
Basic compounds that neutralize acid and form a salt
| Ex: alka- seltzer, tums, rolaids, etc .
Antacids
76
```
Contain H,C, and usually O
are covalently bonded
Contain carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins/amino acids
Nucleic acids
```
Organic molecules
77
Contain H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio
Monosaccharides
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide
Carbohydrates
78
Simple sugars with 3-7 carbon atoms
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
Monosaccharides
79
Many monosaccharides condense by dehydration synthesis
Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose
Polysaccharides
80
Two simple sugars condensed by dehydration synthesis
Sucrose
Maltose
Disaccharides
81
```
Mainly hydrophobic molecules such a fats, oils, and waxes
Made of carbon and hydrogen
Include:
Fatty acids
Eicosanoids
Glycerides
Steroids
Phospholipids and glycoproteins
```
Lipids
82
Long chains of carbon and hydrogen with a carboxyl group at one end
Are relatively non polar, except the carboxyl group
May be:
saturated with hydrogen (no covalent bonds)
Unsaturated (one or more double bonds)
Monounsaturated and polyunsaturated
Fatty acids
83
No covalent bonds
Saturated with hydrogen
84
One or more double bonds
Unsaturated
85
One double bond
Monounsaturated
86
Two or more double bonds
Polyunsaturated
87
Derived from the fatty acid called arachidonic acid
Signaling molecules made by oxidation of fatty acids
Leukotrienes-active in immune system
Eicosanoids
88
Local hormones
| Short-chain fatty acids
Prostaglandins
89
Fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule
Glycerides
90
```
Are the three fatty acid tails
Also called triacylgycerol or neutral fats
Have three important functions:
1. Energy source
2. Insulation
3. Protection
```
Triglycerides
91
Triglycerides have 3 important functions
Energy source
Insulation
Protection
92
Four rings of carbon and hydrogen with an assortment of functional groups
Steroids
93
Types of steroids
Cholesterol
Estrogens and testosterone
Corticosteroids
Bile salts
94
Derived from steroids
Bile salts
95
Sex hormones
Estrogens and testosterone
96
Metabolic regulation
Corticosteroids
97
Components of plasma/cell membrane
Cholesterol
98
Phospholipids contains
| Components of the plasma membrane
Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
99
The most abundantly and functionally important organic molecule
Contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Basic building blocks - 20 amino acids
Proteins
100
Seven major protein functions:
Support
Movement
Transport
Buffering
Metabolic regulation
Coordination and control
Defense
101
Five components of amino acid structure:
```
Central carbon atom
Hydrogen group
Amino group
Carboxyl group
Variable side chain or R group
```
102
What do amino acids form?
| How do amino acids bond together?
Amino acids form peptide bonds which results to a molecule called a peptide.
The amino acids form peptide bonds by dehydration synthesis between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid
103
Final protein shape - several tertiary structures together
Quaternary structure
104
The sequence of amino acids along a polypeptide
Primary structure
105
Secondary structure folds into a unique shape
Tertiary structure
106
Hydrogen bonds form spirals or pleats
Secondary structure
107
What is shape based on in proteins?
Based on the sequence of amino acids
108
The four protein shapes
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaternary
109
Structural sheet or strands
Fibrous proteins
110
Protein function is based on shape
| Soluble spheres with active functions
Globular proteins
111
Proteins that lower the activation energy
| Are not changed or used up in the reaction
Enzymes
| (Are catalysts)!
112
Loss of shape and functions due to heat or pH
Denaturation
113
Large polysaccharides + polypeptides
| Promote viscosity
Proteoglycans
114
Large protein + small carbohydrate
| Includes enzymes, antibodies, hormones and mucus production
Glycoproteins
115
Controls intermediate steps in protein synthesis
RNA
116
Are large organic molecules found in the nucleus which store and process information at the molecular level
Nucleic acids
117
Determines inherited characteristics
Direct protein synthesis
Controls enzyme production
Controls metabolism
DNA
118
The building blocks of DNA and RNA
Nucleotides
119
Nucleotides have three molecular parts:
A pentose sugar ( deoxyribose and ribose)
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous bases ( A, G, T, C, or U)
120
Purines;
Adenine and Guanine
121
Pyrimidines
Cytosine
Thymine -DNA only
Uracil- RNA only
122
Complementary base pairs:
Adenine-Thymine
Cytosine-Guanine
In RNA uracil replaces thymine
123
Types of RNA:
Messenger RNA -mRNA
Transfer RNA -tRNA
Ribosomal RNA- rRNA
124
Adding a phosphate group to ADP with a high- energy bond to form the high-energy compound ATP
Phosphorylation
125
The enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to ADP
Adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
126
Lets your body grow, change, and adapt to new conditions and activities
Metabolic turnover
