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Organ Histology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the abbreviation CT stand for?

A

Connective Tissue

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2
Q

CT consists of _____ & ______

A

supportive cells & extracellular matrix

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3
Q

Matrix is composed of:

A

ground substance & fibers.

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4
Q

Functions of CT:

x4

A
  1. provide a structural support
  2. provide a medium for exchange of nutrients
  3. defense/protection
  4. storage of adipose
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5
Q

Characteristics of CT:

x4

A
  1. Most derived from mesenchyme
  2. support cells separated by matrix
  3. support cells produce matrix
  4. cells adhere to matrix
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6
Q

Ground Substance is made up of what?

A

Glycosaminoglycans, Proteoglycans, Adhesive glycoproteins, other.

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7
Q

Glycosaminoglycans = ?

Important Trait

A

Mucopolysaccharids

Hydrophilic

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8
Q

Glycosaminoglycans are composed of:

A

Sulfated GAG’s and Non-Sulfated GAG’s

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9
Q

Sulfated GAG’s

examples

A

keratin sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, heparin sulfate, dermatin sulfate

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10
Q

Sulfated GAG’s

Points of Interest

A

smaller molecules 10-40 kDA

Covalently bonded to proteins

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11
Q

Non-sulfated GAG’s

examples

A

Hyaluronic Acid = HA = Hyaluronan

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12
Q

Non-sulfated GAG’s

Points of Interest

A

Large molecules 100-1000’s kDa
Forms a dense molecular network
Holds much H2O (important for allowing diffusion in some tissues)

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13
Q

Positive aspects of inflammation

A
  1. Increased fluidity will aid in cell movement

2. Increases numbers of defensive cells

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14
Q

Negative aspects of inflammation

A

Excessive swelling can damage blood vessels, nerves & cells.

Edema: excessive fluid remaining in the interstitial spaces

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15
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A

Protein core with many sulfated GAG’s attached

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16
Q

Adhesive Glycoproteins

examples

A

laminin, fibronectin

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17
Q

Types of Fibers

A

Collagen, Elastic, Reticular

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18
Q

Collagen
Characteristics
x4

A

Many different types
Most common CT protein
Type 1 collagen accounts for ~90% of thet total body collagen
Type 1 is known for its great tensile strength but it does NOT stretch

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19
Q

T/F
Collagen is a very complex molecule that is coded for on many genes in the body. Noncritical pathologies can be associated with improperly produced Collagen I.

A

False.

serious pathologies are associated with improperly formed Collagen I.

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20
Q

Collagen

Aging x2

A
  1. Fiber production slows

2. The fibers are weaker

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21
Q

T/F

Vitamin C is necessary for the proper cross-linking (bonding) within the collagen I fiber

A

True.
If not enough Vitamin C lack proper placement of bonds. Therefore Collagen I structure is weaker (scurvy)… increased Collagen II breakdown.

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22
Q

T/F

Elastic Fibers = Collagen II

A

False

Elastic Fibers are DIFFERENT than Collagen Type II

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23
Q

Elastic Fibers
Characteristics:
x5 (composition, stretch, location, production, complexity)

A

Composed of Elastin & Microfibrils
Can Stretch 150% of its resting length
Important in blood vessels and lungs
Commonly produced by fibroblasts (CT and smooth muscle cells, BV)
Simpler fiber than Collagen I so easier for cells to make

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24
Q

Elastic Fibers
Aging:
Pathologies:

A

As age increases the number of elastic fibers will decrease (skin as example- wrinkles)
In general: fewer pathologies associated with this fiber type

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25
Marfan's Syndrome | define
Hereditary condition of CT, bones, muscle, ligaments and skeletal structure. DEFECTIVE ELASTIC FIBERS IN TISSUES.
26
Marfan's Syndrome Characteristics x4
1. Irregular and unsteady gate 2. Tall lean body type with long extremities 3. Abnormal joint flexibility, flat feet, stooped shoulders and dislocation of optic lens 4. Aorta usually dilated and may become weakened, allowing an aneurysm to develop
27
T/F | Reticular Fibers = Collagen Type III
True
28
Reticular Fibers Characteristics x3 (production, life span, pathologies)
1. Easy to produce (produced by reticular cells) 2. Last ~3 days 3. No known serious pathologies associated with this fiber
29
Reticular Fibers Aging: Wound healing:
Does not affect this fiber | First fiber produced during wound healing
30
What cells make up CT?
Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Myofibroblasts, Adipocytes, Plasma Cells, Macrophages, Mast Cells, Leukocytes, Mesenchyme Cells, & Reticular Cells
31
Fibroblasts Characteristics x5 (derived from, important in, mobility, division, change)
Usually derived from mesenchyme cells Very important cell type in ordinary CT Generally a fixed cell but can move about somewhat May occasionally divide- primarily during wound healing May change into other cell types under special conditions
32
Fibroblasts | Examples of change to other cell types:
to adipocytes to chondrocytes: during fibrocartilage formation to osteoblasts: certain pathologies
33
Fibroblasts | Functional Division
Structural and Defensive
34
Fibroblasts Structural characteristics x2
1. Produce and maintain matrix (i.e. fibers, ground substance) 2. Healing (produce GF, scar formation)
35
Fibroblasts Structural- Healing Scar Formation characteristics: x4 (make-up [2], strength, locations)
dense irregular CT When mature, are almost avascular and contain fibrocytes only ~70% as strong as original tissue common in tendons, ligaments, epithelium, cartilage, capsules of organs, cardiac ms.
36
Fibroblasts | Defensive characteristics:
1. Produce cytokines & enzymes | 2. Can phagocytize when it is really needed
37
Fibrocyte Characteristics x3 (appearance, longevity, capabilities)
Mature less active fibroblast so will appear flatter Long-lived cell with lower energy and oxygen requirements Structural cell but have limited capabilities
38
Macrophages | Produce:
Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, monocytes, microglia, Langerhans cells, osteoclasts
39
Macrophages Functions x4
1. Phagocytosis of debris & microbes 2. Act as an APC (probably a separate population of macrophages, presents info about antigen to T helper cells) 3. Create foreign body giant cells 4. Release cytokines and other products
40
What does APC stand for?
Antigen Presenting Cell
41
Fibrocyte Function of Macrophages What is a foreign body giant cell
the permanent fusion of many macrophages
42
``` Fibrocytes function of macrophages Why do foreign body giant cells form? ```
In response to: 1. sizeable objects 2. some pathogens (ex. TB in lungs)
43
Mast Cells characteristics x6 (size/contain, location, division?, lifespan, derived from [2])
Large cells containing cytoplasmic granules Found in CT proper, by small blood vessels & under epithelium Occasionally divide Lifespan: days to a few months Derived from bone marrow precursor Once thought to be derived from basophils
44
Mast Cells Function What events do MCs mediate?
Inflammation Immediate Hypersensitivity Response (simple allergy) Anaphylaxis Asthma- most types
45
Mast Cells | Function- Mediators (describe & list types)
To release primary mediators- these molecules are in the granules of mast cells and can be released very quickly Histamine, Heparin, ECF, NCF, Other
46
Mast Cells Histamine Function/Effects
On Switch - flash reaction and then it dies fast Effects: Increase permeability of capillaries and venules Vasodilation of arterioles and small arteries therefore increase in blood flow to the affected site Contraction of visceral smooth muscle
47
Mast Cells Heparin Function/Effect
Off switch- slow to take effect Effects: Binds to and inactivates histamine
48
Mast Cells Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor (ECF) Effect
Attracts Eosinophils- Limit histamine/leukotriene effect- Destroy parasitic worm larvae Inhibit leukotrienes Produce a factor that inhibits mast cell degranulations Phagocytize IgE- allergin complexes and mast cell granules Secretes histaminase
49
Mast Cells Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor Effect
Attracts neutrophils
50
``` Mast Cells Secondary Mediators (describe & list type) ```
Leukotrienes | Others
51
Mast Cells Secondary Mediators Leukotrienes- Effect
Same as histamine but MUCH more powerful (1000's of times) | Will extend and amplify the effects of histamine
52
What stimuli will activate mast cells?
Direct mast cell trauma Phagocytosis IgE-Allergin complex Complement process/molecules
53
Mast Cells First Exposure describe & explain effects
Elicits IgE formation which binds to mast cells Some degranulation but usually a weak response B & T memory cells are produced
54
Mast Cells Second Exposure to same antigen Describe & effects
Allergin binds to "sensitized" mast cells and mast cells degranulate Reaction is quicker, more intense and longer lasting
55
Mast Cell Mediated Events What are they?
Basic Inflammatory Reaction (cut in skin) Immediate Hypersensitivity Response (simple allergy) Anaphylaxis Asthma
56
Mast Cell Mediated Events Basic Inflammatory Reaction Steps x5
1. Stimulus = phagocytosis 2. Mast cells degranulate - local reaction 3. Histamine reacts first (Inc. capillary & venule permeability; dilate arterioles) 4. Leukotrienes take effect (extend histamine) 5. Heparin and ECF react last (Heparin counteract histamine; ECF attract eosinophils; NCF attract neutrophils)
57
Mast Cell Mediated Events Immediate Hypersensitivity Response Steps x3
1. Stimulus = IgE/Allergin Complex 2. Mast Cells degranulate & produce various substances 3. Localized inflammatory response at sight of antigen
58
Mast Cell Mediated Event Anaphylaxis Steps x4
1. Stimulus = massive IgE production 2. Systemic mast cell and basophil degranulation and secretion 3. Systemic inflammatory response 4. Anaphylactic shock = circulatory shock (severe = CV collapse)
59
Mast Cell Mediated Response Asthma Types/Definitions/Onset
Extrinsic- allergins typically in the air and often known Childhood onset Intrinsic- allergin typically unknown Adult onset (40+); may follow a respiratory illness
60
Mast Cell Mediated Response Asthma Stimulated by:
A. IgE/Allergin Complex | B. secondary factors: fatigue, stress, endocrine changes, foods, aspirin
61
Mast Cell Mediated Response Asthma Primary/Secondary Problems
Primary Problems- release of leukotrienes; contract smooth muscle in the bronchioles (can close) Secondary Problems- inflammation in the lung; decrease oxygen uptake and increases fluid uptake
62
Leukocytes | Classes/Types
Monocytes, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, & Lymphocytes
63
Leukocytes | Monocytes become:
macrophages in CT
64
Leukocytes Neutrophils function: Attracted to:
phagocytize | attracted to sites of acute inflammation
65
Leukocytes Eosinophils combat: attracted to:
combat parasitic worm larvae | attracted to sites of allergic reaction
66
Leukocytes Basophils are similar to: function:
Mast Cells | Initiate, Maintain, & Influence Inflammation
67
Leukocytes Lymphocytes function: Attracted to:
humoral and cell-mediated immunities | attracted to sites of chronic inflammation
68
Mesenchyme Cells = ?
Adult Stem Cells
69
``` Mesenchyme Cells Function? Appearance? Division? Adults/Age? ```
Function: to change into another cell type Appearance: cells have sparse pale staining cytoplasm with an oval nucleus Division: can divide Adults/Age: DO exist in adults, #s decrease with age
70
Reticular Cells Derived from: Function:
Derived from Mesenchyme cells | Function: to make reticular fibers when needed on a permanent basis.
71
Classes of CT Proper
A. Loose CT B. Dense CT C. Reticular CT D. Adipose
72
Classes of Specialized CT
A. Cartilage B. Blood C. Bone
73
Loose CT Characteristics: x4 (amount cell vs fiber, ground substance, vascularity)
1. Larger number of cells and cell types 2. Fewer fibers 3. Increased amount of ground substance (GAG's) 4. Quite Vascular
74
Loose CT | Types and where they're found:
1. Loose areolar: greater and lesser omentum | 2. Loose irregular: dermis; papillary layer; beneath epithelium in organs
75
Dense CT Characteristics x4 (amount cells vs fibers, ground substance, vascularity)
1. Fewer number of cells and cell types 2. Many fibers 3. Decreased amounts of ground substance (GAG's) 4. Less vascular
76
Dense CT | Types and where they're found
1. Dense Irregular: dermis; reticular layer; nerve sheaths & organ capsules 2. Dense Regular: tendons; ligaments; and aponeurosis
77
Reticular CT Characteristics (cell type, fiber type, support) Example
Primary cell type: reticular Primary fiber type: reticular collagen III Provides support in highly cellular organs (areas) Ex. Lymphatic and endocrine organs
78
Adipose Characteristics (cell type, vascularity) Example
Primary cell type = adipocyte Quite vascular Ex. around kidney and heart; bone marrow; hypodermis
79
Adipose | Function x3
1. Energy 2. Thermoregulation 3. Cushion/Protect organs
80
General CT rule #1
An increase in the number of cell types should lead to an increase in healing potential
81
General CT Rule #2
An increased vascularity should lead to an increased healing potential

Organ Histology (3 decks)

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