Chapter 2

Question 1

Valence Shell

Answer 1

Outermost Shell

Question 2

Valence Electrons

Answer 2

Electrons in outermost shell

Question 3

Chemical Bonds

Answer 3

Atoms interact with other atoms to complete valence shell

Question 4

2 ways to complete valence shell

Answer 4

1. sharing of electrons

2. exchange of electrons (acceptor/donor)

Question 5

electronegativity

Answer 5

strength of attraction between atomic nucleus and electrons

Question 6

Universal Solvent

Answer 6

water

Question 7

Cohesion

Answer 7

Hydrogen bond creates intact surface (Why insects have ability to float on water)

Question 8

Adhesion

Answer 8

Allows water molecules to cling to each other/other things

Question 9

Hydrophilic

Answer 9

Can hydrogen bond with water (polar)

Question 10

Hydrophobic

Answer 10

Not comfortable with water (nonpolar)

Question 11

Acids

Answer 11

increases the H concentration

Question 12

Base

Answer 12

reduces the H concentration

Question 13

2 important properties of pH scale

Answer 13

1. log scale- every unit change is ten times the difference

2. change in pH inversely related to H concentration

Question 14

4 classes of biological molecules

Answer 14

1. carbohydrates
2. Nucleic Acids
3. Lipids
4. Proteins

Question 15

buffers

Answer 15

resist change in pH

Question 16

Functional Group

Answer 16

Hydroxyl
Carbonyl
Carboxyl
Amino
Phosphate
Methyl

Question 17

Isomers

Answer 17

Same molecular formula, different structure

Question 18

Building blocks of carbon based molecules

Answer 18

Protein- Amino Acids- Polymer
Nucleic Acid- nucleotides- Polymer
Carbohydrates- Sugars/Monosaccharides- Polymer
Lipids- Fatty Acids- NOT POLYMER

Question 19

Polymers

Answer 19

Long chain of repeating subunits

Question 20

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 20

Builds Molecules

Question 21

Simplest form of carbohydrate

Answer 21

Monosaccharides

Question 22

Disaccharides

Answer 22

2 sugars

Question 23

2 classes of a Polymer

Answer 23

Oligasaccharides (5-20)

Polyysaccharides ( > 20)

Question 24

Polysaccharides

Answer 24

1. Glycogin
2. Starch
3. Cellulose

Question 25

Glycogin

Answer 25

Made by animals

Question 26

Starch

Answer 26

Made by plants

Question 27

Cellulose

Answer 27

Structural component of plant cell wall

Question 28

Amino Acids

Answer 28

1. 20 in nature 2. All cells build from same pool of 20 3. Same structure for all 20; only change in R group or sidechain

Question 29

Peptide Bond

Answer 29

Covalently linked Amino Acids

Question 30

Nucleic Acids

Answer 30

Polymers of nucleotides

Question 31

3 Components of nucleotide

Answer 31

1. 5' carbon monosaccharides 2. Nitrogenous Base 3. Phosphate Functional Group

Question 32

2 Types of Nucleotide

Answer 32

1. DNA: Deoxyribonucleotide | 2. RNA: Ribonucleotide

Question 33

Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 33

1. RNA functions as single polymer, DNA functions as double helix 2. Thymine and Uracil 3. 2' Carbon sugar

Question 34

Why Hydrogen Bond is good for holding together DNA

Answer 34

1. Collectively strong enough | 2. Needs to be able to break apart if DNA is going to replicate

Question 35

Carbohydrates

Answer 35

1. Every C has an O attached to it 2. Always has a Carbonyl Group 3. -ose ending means Carbohydrate

Question 36

Adose

Answer 36

Any monosaccharide with an Aldehyde group (Glucose, Galactose)

Question 37

Ketose

Answer 37

Any monosaccharide with a Ketone group (Fructose)

Question 38

Glycosidic Bond

Answer 38

Links monosaccharides

Question 39

Lipids

Answer 39

1. No common structural motif 2. No polymers 3. Predominantly hyrdrophobic and nonpolar 4. Number of oxygen small

Question 40

3 groups of lipids:

Answer 40

1. Triglycerides 2. Phospholipids 3. Steroids

Question 41

Triglycerides

Answer 41

1. Fat in Diet | 2. Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acids (Carboxyl Group)

Question 42

Phospholipids

Answer 42

1. Major component of all biological membranes | 2. Glycerol + 2 Fatty Acids + Phosphate Group

Question 43

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 43

1. No Carbon Double Bonds 2. How humans store fat 3. Perfectly linear structure

Question 44

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

Answer 44

1. Carbon Double Bonds | 2. Messes up the linear shape