Chapter 2

Question 1

Nutrition

Answer 1

-Inadequate maternal nutrition may result in premature birth and low birth weight -Mother should increase calorie intake by 10-20%

Question 2

Spina Bifida

Answer 2

-A failure of the neural tube forming part of the spine to close -Affects about 1 in 100 births worldwide -Risk can be significantly reduced by taking folic acid before conception (for up to 3 months) and for first 12 weeks

Question 3

Anencephaly

Answer 3

-Neural tube does not close completely during development but in this case it is the caudal part of the tube (that forms into the brain)

Question 4

General Risk Factors

Answer 4

-Nutrition -Stress -Mother’s age

Question 5

Stress

Answer 5

-Extreme maternal stress is associated with low birth weight and premature births

Question 6

Prolonged/Extreme Stress

Answer 6

-Increases hormones reducing oxygen -Weakens mother’s immunity -Makes mother more likely to smoke or drink alcohol

Question 7

Mother’s age

Answer 7

-Teenage mother -Older women (35 and older) -Older women (40 and older)

Question 8

Teenage mothers

Answer 8

-Often suffer economic and educational disadvantage, poor prenatal care and marital difficulties -Likelier to experience pregnancy, labor and delivery problems -Have children who do less well in school and have behavioral problems

Question 9

Older mothers (35 and older)

Answer 9

-More likely to have difficulty getting pregnant -Miscarriages -Stillbirths

Question 10

Older mothers (40 and older)

Answer 10

-Higher risk of down syndrome

Question 11

Three Types of Teratogens

Answer 11

-Drugs -Diseases -Environmental hazards

Question 12

Teratogens

Answer 12

-Cause abnormal prenatal development

Question 13

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 13

-One of the most common forms of mental retardation -Results from drinking 5+ oz. of alcohol a few times each week during pregnancy -Children with FAS may have mental retardation, facial deformities and heart defects

Question 14

Why is alcohol so dangerous to prenates?

Answer 14

-Placenta does not block many harmful compounds -The developing susceptible to damage -Prenates do not have fully developed livers and other organs to assist with detoxification and management -B/c of prenates underdevelopment and small size, small amounts can have a large impact

Question 15

Teratogens: Diseases

Answer 15

-AIDS, cytomegalovirus, genital herpes, rubella, and syphillis Effects Include: -Deafness -Neurological disorders -Blindness -Mental disability -Damage to bones, eyes, eyes or heart

Question 16

Teratogens: Environmental Hazards

Answer 16

-Lead, mercury, PCBs, X-Rays Effects may include -Mental disability -Retarded growth -Cerebral palsy -Impaired memory and verbal skill -Retarded motor development -Leukemia

Question 17

Prenatal Diagnosis

Answer 17

-Ultrasound -Amniocentesis -Chronic villus sampling

Question 18

Genetic counseling

Answer 18

-Helps asses the chances of inherited disorders

Question 19

Neonatal Withdrawal

Answer 19

-If the mother uses addictive drugs while pregnant, the infant may be born with a dependency to the drugs -Use is most dangerous during first 3 months of pregnancy

Question 20

Fetal Medicine

Answer 20

-Administering medicine to the fetus -Fetal surgery to correct spina bifida and circulatory problems -Genetic engineering involves replacing defective genes with synthetic normal genes

Question 21

Answer 21

Amniocentesis

Question 22

Answer 22

Chorionic Villus Sampling

Question 23

Stages of Labor

Answer 23

• Stage 1 (12-24 hours before birth)
• Stage 2 (<1 hour before birth)
• Stage 3 (minutes after birth)

Question 24

Stage 1 of Labor

Answer 24

• Contractions become increasingly stronger and more rhythmic
• Cervix enlarges to about 10 centimeters

Question 25

Stage 2 of Labor

Answer 25

* Baby passes through cervix, entering vagina * Baby's head appears (crowning); birth occurs

Question 26

Stage 3 of Labor

Answer 26

* Placenta is expelled

Question 27

Birthing alternatives

Answer 27

* Home births * Birthing centers

Question 28

Home Births facts

Answer 28

* More common outside of U.S. * Less expensive * Parents have more control over conditions * Birth problems are the same in hospital as at home

Question 29

Birthing Center Facts

Answer 29

* More home-like than hospitals but in a clinic setting independent of a hospital

Question 30

Birth Complications

Answer 30

* Hypoxia * May result in C-Section * Premature * Low birth weight * Very low birth weight * Extremely low birth weight

Question 31

Hypoxia

Answer 31

* Inadequate blood and oxygen provided to the baby

Question 32

Premature or preterm birth

Answer 32

* Baby born before the 36th week

Question 33

Low birth weight

Answer 33

* Baby weighs less than 5.5 pounds

Question 34

Very Low Birth Weight

Answer 34

* Babies weight is lower than 3.3 pounds

Question 35

Extremely low birth weight

Answer 35

* Baby weigh less than 2.2 pounds

Question 36

Mother's adjustment 1-2 weeks after birth

Answer 36

* 50% of mothers experience irritation, resentment, and crying, reflecting stress and physiological changes

Question 37

Mother's adjustment months after birth

Answer 37

* 10-15% experience postpartum depression, which can affect baby * Low self-worth, irritability, disturbed sleep, poor appetite, apathy * Risk factors: high hormones late in pregnancy, pre-pregnancy depression, high stress, lack of support * Breast feeding reduces risks

Question 38

Infant Mortality

Answer 38

* The number of infants out of 1,000 that die before the age of 1 * U.S. has under a 1% rate of infant mortality, or 7 0\out of 1,000

Question 39

Possible factors of infant mortality

Answer 39

* Low birth weight from a lack of free or inexpensive prenatal care * Fewer paid leaves of absence for pregnant women