Chapter 2 & 3 Flashcards
(258 cards)
1
Q
Which of these is TRUE about the United States Constitution?
A) It centralizes political power.
B) It is superseded only by decrees of the president.
C) It sets neutral rules for the game of politics.
D) All of these are true.
E) None of these are true
A
Answer: E Page Ref: 35-36
2
Q
In setting the broad rules of the game of politics, constitutions A) are never neutral; they give some participants advantages over others. B) are fair and impartial. C) allow all participants the same political opportunities. D) have no effect on the distribution of power in society. E) are constantly changing.
A
Answer: A Page Ref: 32
3
Q
By eighteenth-century standards, life was ________ for most people in the United States at the time of the Revolution.
A) hell both politically and economically
B) politically oppressive
C) ideal
D) not bad
E) an economic nightmare
A
Answer: D
Page Ref: 32
4
Q
The British government stepped up its controls over the American colonies with new taxes
and stronger commerce regulations right after
A) King Phillipʹs War.
B) the assassination of the Duke of Windsor.
C) King Georgeʹs War.
D) the Civil War.
E) the French and Indian War.
A
Answer: E
Page Ref: 32
5
Q
During the colonial period,
A) Americans experienced less freedom than citizens of most European nations.
B) Britain was involved in nearly every aspect of American politics.
C) Americans were burdened with cumbersome feudal and hierarchical restraints.
D) Americans suffered one of the lowest standards of living in the world.
E) the King and Parliament generally confined themselves to governing the coloniesʹ
foreign and trade policies.
A
Answer: E
Page Ref: 32
6
Q
The British levied new taxes on its North American colonies in the eighteenth century in order
to pay for
A) maintaining the elegant lifestyle of the British royalty.
B) conquest of territories in Africa and Asia.
C) defending new territories obtained after the French and Indian War.
D) tax cuts and social welfare programs for residents of the British Isles.
E) the rising cost of tea.
A
Answer: C
Page Ref: 32
7
Q
Who issued the Declaration of Independence?
A) the Constitutional Convention of 1776
B) the Continental Congress
C) President George Washington
D) the 13 colonial legislatures
E) General George Washington
A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 33
8
Q
The Declaration of Independence was a
A) valid legal document under British law.
B) bitter attack against the British king for abuses said to have been done to the colonists
over a long period of time.
C) proclamation from King George III granting the American colonists the right to form
their own nation.
D) thoughtful, cautious explanation of why independence might be a good idea if certain
demands were not met.
E) last effort by the American colonists to get back on good terms with England, while only
threatening independence.
A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 33
9
Q
The Declaration of Independence was primarily
A) a treaty with France for war against Britain.
B) an original philosophical treatise on politics.
C) an outline for a new government.
D) a polemic, announcing and justifying a revolution.
E) the United Statesʹ first constitution.
A
Answer: D
Page Ref: 34
10
Q
The primary author of the Declaration of Independence was
A) Thomas Jefferson.
B) Benjamin Franklin.
C) James Madison.
D) King George III.
E) George Washington.
A
Answer: A
Page Ref: 33
11
Q
The Declaration of Independence
A) contained completely new ideas on political philosophy.
B) became one of the most important statements of American political philosophy.
C) took several months to write.
D) blamed the British parliament for abuses on the colonies.
E) all of the above
A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 33
12
Q
The American Revolution was based upon the ideas of
A) intellectual slaves.
B) intellectual frontiersmen.
C) George Washington.
D) European political thinkers.
E) American farmers.
A
Answer: D
Page Ref: 35-36
13
Q
The foundation of John Lockeʹs philosophy was that human beings
A) derive their rights from nature.
B) have rights that are granted them by government.
C) determine their own rights.
D) derive their rights from God.
E) are granted their rights by their King.
A
Answer: A
Page Ref: 34-35
14
Q
Which of these was NOT among John Lockeʹs key philosophical concepts?
A) checks and balances
B) limited government
C) natural rights
D) consent of the governed
E) property rights
A
Answer: A
Page Ref: 34-35
15
Q
John Lockeʹs ideas on natural rights were related to human law in that
A) natural rights were less important than human law.
B) natural rights were considered higher than human law.
C) human law was the source of natural rights.
D) human law protected property rights, making human law equal to natural rights.
E) human law and natural rights were unimportant after revolution.
A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 34-35
16
Q
John Locke believed in each of the following EXCEPT
A) limited government.
B) consent of the governed.
C) natural rights.
D) divine right of kings.
E) both C and D
A
Answer: D
Page Ref: 34-35
17
Q
The Declaration of Independence argued that
A) nations are indivisible and a people must never secede from their mother nation.
B) people should revolt when they suffer deep injustices.
C) the British parliament was to blame for the evils imposed upon the colonists.
D) people should always work peacefully within the system to redress any grievances they
have.
E) revolution is justifiable whenever people become angry with their government.
A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 35-36
18
Q
Reflecting the natural rights philosophy, the Declaration of Independence stated that
governments derive their just powers from
A) God.
B) the consent of the governed.
C) tradition.
D) their elected leaders.
E) a Constitution.
A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 35-36
19
Q
The justification for separation from England in the Declaration of Independence was based
heavily on the ideas of the English philosopher
A) Lord North.
B) Henry VIII.
C) Oliver Cromwell.
D) David Hume.
E) John Locke.
A
Answer: E
Page Ref: 35-36
20
Q
The sole purpose of government, according to John Locke, was to
A) promote the common good.
B) prevent anarchy.
C) educate its people.
D) protect individuals from violence.
E) protect natural rights.
A
Answer: E
Page Ref: 34-35
21
Q
John Locke believed that the ʺend of governmentʺ was
A) preservation of property.
B) majority rule.
C) equality of man.
D) pursuit of happiness.
E) ʺthe beginning of life.ʺ
A
Answer: A
Page Ref: 34-35
22
Q
In John Lockeʹs philosophy, the requirements that standing laws be known and private
property be preserved
A) are always threatened by democratic government.
B) impose two major limits on government.
C) are unenforceable when government is limited.
D) must be sacrificed in the interest of democracy.
E) could only be enforced by a powerful king
A
Answer: B
Page Ref: 34-35
23
Q
Lockean thought and the Declaration of Independence are similar in that both
A) recognize the right of the people to determine their own form of government, short of
resorting to revolution.
B) were developed in the late 1700s.
C) value the preservation of private property.
D) seek common ideals in government through the establishment of a constitutional
monarchy.
E) support the concept of natural rights and the idea that government be built on the consent of the governed.
A
Answer: E
Page Ref: 36
24
Q
Thomas Jeffersonʹs phrase ʺlife, liberty, and the pursuit of happinessʺ was a modification of
John Lockeʹs phrase ʺLife, liberty, and ________.ʺ
A) property
B) God
C) heaven
D) health
E) equality
A
Answer: A
Page Ref: 36
25
The American Revolution
A) was heavily influenced by the earlier successes of the French Revolution.
B) strongly reflected the widespread class conflict that would eventually lead to deadly
riots for two generations.
C) was very similar to the French, Russian, and Iranian Revolutions.
D) was a radical social movement that drastically altered the colonistsʹ way of life.
E) was an essentially conservative movement that did not drastically alter the colonistsʹ way
of life.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 37
26
The primary goal of the American Revolution was
A) to gain control over the coloniesʹ trade with foreign nations.
B) to cut taxes.
C) to win the right to print paper money that could be used to pay off debts.
D) to restore the colonistsʹ rights as British subjects.
E) to gain control of the western frontier.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 37
27
The American Revolution was different from the French, Russian, and Iranian revolutions in
that
A) it was much bloodier.
B) it was much shorter.
C) it did not result in a change of government.
D) it produced little societal change.
E) It was different in all these ways.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 37
28
The Articles of Confederation were adopted by
A) the Continental Congress.
B) President George Washington.
C) a small, self-appointed committee of the nationʹs political leaders.
D) the British Parliament.
E) the Continental Army under command of General George Washington.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 37
29
Beginning in 1781, the United States was governed under the
A) Articles of Confederation.
B) Mayflower Compact.
C) Basic Law of 1781.
D) British Constitution.
E) current United States Constitution.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 37
30
The primary goal of the American Revolution was to
A) establish a new political system.
B) restore rights the colonists felt were already theirs as British subjects.
C) create a new economic order.
D) institutionalize new social values based on equality.
E) establish property rights.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 37
31
The American Revolution
A) did not drastically alter the colonistsʹ way of life.
B) produced great societal change.
C) was won quickly and decisively by the superior American troops.
D) created class conflicts that split society.
E) was fought between a large army of colonials and a small British army.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 37
32
Under the Articles of Confederation, most power rested with the
A) the British Parliament.
B) president.
C) United States Senate.
D) state legislatures.
E) Continental Congress.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 37
33
Which of the following is FALSE about the United States government under the Articles of
Confederation?
A) Each state had only one vote in Congress.
B) Most authority rested with the United States Congress rather than the state governments.
C) The Congress had only one house.
D) There was no president.
E) All of these are false.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 37
34
Which of the following was NOT a problem with the national government under the Articles
of Confederation?
A) the threat of some of the Continental Army to establish George Washington as king
B) the lack of power given to state legislatures
C) the lack of an executive to lead the nation
D) the inability of the central national government to regulate foreign trade or regulate the
national economy
E) the unwillingness of the states to send money requisitioned by the central national
government
Answer: B
Page Ref: 37-39
35
After the Revolution, power in the state legislatures shifted
A) from merchants to lawyers.
B) from the poor to the wealthy.
C) from radicals to conservatives.
D) from the wealthy to those with more moderate incomes.
E) from the upper to the lower chambers.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 38-39
36
The United States government under the Articles of Confederation can best be described as
A) weak and ineffective.
B) overly prone to intervention in foreign affairs.
C) overly bureaucratic.
D) dictatorial.
E) a personal tool of George Washington.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 38
37
Which of the following was NOT a source of revenue for the United States government under
the Articles of Confederation?
A) taxes levied by the Continental Congress
B) printing its own money
C) selling off western lands
D) state governments
E) All of the above were revenue sources.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 38
38
Which of the following was NOT a problem with the national government under the Articles
of Confederation?
A) the unwillingness of the states to send money requisitioned by the central national
government
B) the lack of an executive to lead the nation
C) the lack of power given to state legislatures
D) the inability of the central national government to regulate foreign trade or regulate the
national economy
E) None of these were problems at the time.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 37-38
39
Under the Articles of Confederation most governmental power rested in
A) the state governments.
B) the national government.
C) the president.
D) the Congress.
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 37-38
40
After the Revolution, a major power shift occurred in the states from ________ to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
A) the broad middle class; a handful of wealthy individuals
B) countryside; city
C) city; countryside
D) the east coast; the western interior
E) wealthy individuals; broad middle class
Answer: E
Page Ref: 38-39
41
After the American Revolution, state legislatures were composed of
A) significantly more middle-class representatives and fewer wealthy members compared
to before the war.
B) revolutionary war militiamen.
C) about the same ratio of wealthy members and not so wealthy members as before the war.
D) significantly more landless laborers and poor farmers than any other group.
E) a higher percentage of wealthy planters, lawyers, and merchants than ever before.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 38-39
42
Right after the Revolutionary War, a dramatic change swept through the new country
resulting in
A) a dramatic increase in democracy and freedom.
B) a population shift from the cities to the country.
C) a population shift from country to city.
D) an explosion in prosperity.
E) full-scale industrialization.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 38
43
Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress had the power to
A) levy taxes.
B) overturn state laws.
C) regulate commerce.
D) maintain an army and navy.
E) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 38
44
Which of the following was NOT occurring in the states during the time of the Articles of
Confederation?
A) abolishment of religious qualifications for holding office
B) adoption of bills of rights
C) upper-class dominance
D) expanded political participation
E) all of the above
Answer: C
Page Ref: 38-39
45
Under the Articles of Confederation, power in the states began to shift to the hands of
A) merchants and lawyers.
B) middle-class farmers and craft workers.
C) governors.
D) low-income landowners.
E) new industrialists
Answer: B
Page Ref: 38-39
46
In post-Revolutionary America, state governors were often selected by
A) judges.
B) the president.
C) heredity.
D) the people directly.
E) state legislatures.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 38
47
At the end of the Revolutionary War,
A) captured British troops were herded into large prison camps where they served life
sentences for their treachery.
B) a strong, new national government began immediately to keep the economy running
smoothly with careful regulation.
C) a postwar depression severely hurt small farmers and many others.
D) the condition of the economy was largely the same as it had been before the war.
E) a period of tremendous economic prosperity began.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 39
48
A small band of farmers in western Massachusetts took up arms in what is remembered as
A) the Farmersʹ Revolt.
B) King Georgeʹs War.
C) the Boston Tea Party.
D) the Whiskey Rebellion.
E) Shaysʹ Rebellion.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 39
49
After the Revolution, James Madison observed that ʺthe most common and durable source of
faction has been
A) urban and rural divisions.ʺ
B) the various and unequal divisions of property.ʺ
C) aristocracy.ʺ
D) the British army.ʺ
E) racial inequalities.ʺ
Answer: B
Page Ref: 39
50
At the top of the political agenda during the period of the Articles of Confederation was
A) economic issues.
B) social-equality issues.
C) military issues.
D) voting rights issues.
E) slavery.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 39
51
Among the factors that contributed to economic turmoil under the Articles of Confederation
was the
A) postwar depression that left many small farmers unable to pay their debts and
threatened mortgage foreclosures.
B) decreasing economic viability of slavery.
C) power shift from middle-class farmers to wealthy landowners.
D) state legislatures that favored creditors and created more debt.
E) All of these factors contributed to the economic turmoil.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 39
52
In the 1950s and 1960s, the proclamation of statesʹ rights was usually made by those opposing the national governmentʹs efforts in the area of
A) the Vietnam War. B) abortion rights.
C) civil rights for African Americans. D) the interstate highway system.
E) the Korean War.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 78
53
The Constitution requires that states give ________ to the public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state.
A) privileges and immunities B) due process
C) full faith and credit D) some consideration
E) extradition
Answer: C
Page Ref: 79
54
Contracts between business firms can be enforced across state boundaries as part of the constitutional provision of
A) interstate compacts.
B) privileges and immunities.
C) implied powers of the states. D) extradition.
E) full faith and credit.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 79
55
A marriage license issued in one state is valid and honored in all states under the constitutional provision of
A) separation of powers. B) full faith and credit.
C) national supremacy. D) national licensure.
E) privileges and immunities.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 79-80
56
The fact that a driverʹs license from one state is valid in other states is an example of A) privileges and immunities.
B) extradition.
C) implied powers.
D) full faith and credit.
E) unmandated reciprocity.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 79
57
The constitutional requirement that the states return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment is known as
A) forfeiture. B) extradition.
C) privileges and immunities. D) full faith and credit.
E) the elastic clause.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 80
58
One recently controversial application of the ʺfull faith and creditʺ provision of the Constitution is for
A) extradition.
B) birth certificates.
C) same gender marriages. D) bigamy.
E) abortion
Answer: C
Page Ref: 79-80
59
Extradition is the requirement that states
A) provide sanctuary for federal criminals.
B) cannot discriminate against citizens of other states.
C) recognize each others public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings.
D) must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment.
E) enforce federal law within their state.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 80
60
n ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of the different levels of government are distinct, like a layer cake.
A) fiscal B) dual
C) tripartite D) cooperative
E) anti-
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81
61
The national government has exclusive control over foreign and military policy, the postal system, and monetary policy, while the states have exclusive control over other specific areas. This division of responsibilities reflects
A) dual federalism.
B) divided government.
C) tripartite federalism. D) cooperative federalism.
E) fiscal federalism.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 81
62
In Saenz v. Roe, the Supreme Court ruled that
A) California was required to recognize the legality of same sex marriages.
B) California could not require a new resident to wait one year before being eligible for welfare benefits.
C) California could withhold educational benefits from children of illegal immigrants.
D) California was required to offer bilingual education programs in the public elementary schools.
E) California could not provide welfare benefits to illegal immigrants.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81
63
A tuition difference between in-state and out-of-state students is an example of A) dual federalism.
B) federal exceptions to the full faith and credit provision.
C) full faith and credit being extended to all students.
D) how states make exceptions to the privileges and immunities clause.
E) project grants to the states.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 80
64
If the allocation of power in a cooperative federal system were compared to a cake it would be most like
A) a layer cake with two distinct layers. B) a single-layer cake.
C) a cake walk: who gets what is random. D) fifty marbled cupcakes.
E) a layer cake with many layers.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 81
65
Over time, there has been a gradual change from a dual federalism to a(n) ________ federalism.
A) unitary B) single
C) tripartite D) cooperative
E) fiscal
Answer: D
Page Ref: 81
66
In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of different levels of government are like a marble cake, with mingled responsibilities and blurred distinctions between layers of government.
A) fiscal B) mixed
C) dual
D) cooperative
E) tripartite
Answer: D
Page Ref: 81
67
In dual federalism,
A) the state governments assume greater fiscal responsibility.
B) there are only two branches of government.
C) the federal government assumes greater fiscal responsibility. D) powers are shared between states and the federal government.
E) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 81
68
In cooperative federalism,
A) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres.
B) responsibilities are mingled and distinctions are blurred between the levels of government.
C) powers and policy assignments of the layers of government are distinct.
D) states are supreme over the national government.
E) both A and B
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81
69
Since the ratification of the Constitution, American federalism has gradually changed from A) cooperative to dual federalism.
B) state domination to national domination. C) dual to cooperative federalism.
D) a unitary to a federal system.
E) a federal system to a unitary one.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 81
70
Which of the following statements about federalism is false?
A) In cooperative federalism, sometimes even blame is shared when programs do not work well.
B) The American system has always been neatly separated into purely state and purely national responsibilities.
C) In cooperative federalism, policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.
D) Cooperative federalism today rests on several standard operating procedures.
E) None; all are true.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81
71
Federal support for public education is an example of a A) pragmatic federalism.
B) dual federalism.
C) cooperative federalism. D) layer cake federalism.
E) separation of powers
Answer: C
Page Ref: 81-82; 83
72
Funding for the interstate highway system is an example of A) dual federalism.
B) cooperative federalism.
C) tripartite federalism.
D) a unitary system of government.
E) national federalism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 82
73
The National Defense Education Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the Interstate Highway System are all examples of
A) dual federalism.
B) cooperative federalism.
C) triangulation.
D) layer cake federalism.
E) unitary federalism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 82
74
Which of the following is NOT a standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today?
A) distinctly separated powers of state and national governments B) federal grants-in-aid
C) shared administration of programs D) shared financing of government
E) federal guidelines imposed on states
Answer: A
Page Ref: 82
75
Which of the following does NOT characterize the standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today?
A) federal guidelines B) grants-in-aid
C) shared costs
D) separate and distinct roles for the national and state governments
E) shared administration
Answer: D
Page Ref: 82
76
Standard operating procedures in cooperative federalism include each of the following EXCEPT
A) shared administration. B) shared costs.
C) federal funding with no strings attached. D) federal guidelines.
E) categorical and block grants.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 82
77
In cooperative federalism, in order to qualify for federal grant money, cities and states must A) match federal funding dollar for dollar.
B) propose standard operating procedures.
C) allow federal agencies to administer the funds.
D) follow federal guidelines for adopting and enforcing federal laws.
E) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 81
78
Federal regulation of state governments is usually accomplished through A) United States Supreme Court decisions.
B) presidential decrees.
C) attaching conditions to grants it gives them. D) federalization of a stateʹs national guard.
E) direct, executive orders.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 85-86
79
About ________ of the funds state and local governments spend comes from the federal government.
A) 33 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 75 percent E) 90 percent
Answer: B
Page Ref: 85-86
80
81) Federal aid to state and local governments accounts for how much of federal spending? A) 33 percent
B) 50 percent C) 2 percent D) 18 percent
E) 75 percent
Answer: D
Page Ref: 83
81
The main instrument the national government uses to influence state governments is A) grants-in-aid.
B) mandates.
C) judicial review.
D) the Tenth Amendment.
E) presidential decrees.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 85
82
Fiscal federalism is
A) the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system.
B) the distinct separation of national government spending versus state and local government spending.
C) the federal governmentʹs regulation of the money supply and interest rates.
D) the federal income tax.
E) a sharing of local and national resources practiced in other countries but not in the United States.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 85
83
The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system is called A) economic federalism.
B) dual federalism.
C) cooperative federalism. D) fiscal federalism.
E) monetary federalism.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 85
84
The main instrument the national government uses for both aiding and influencing states and localities is
A) judicial decisions. B) politics.
C) grants-in-aid. D) mandates.
E) revenue sharing.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 85
85
Of all the funds spent by state and local governments, federal aid accounts for about A) two-thirds.
B) one-half.
C) one-fourth. D) three percent.
E) one-third.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 85-86
86
The principal type of federal aid for states and localities is A) categorical grants.
B) disaster loans. C) revenue sharing. D) block grants.
E) urban renewal grants.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 86
87
Which of the following is NOT true about categorical grants?
A) The federal government is less likely to apply conditions to these grants today than in the 1970s.
B) There are several hundred specific purposes or categories for which these grants can be used.
C) Virtually every one is enshrouded in rules and regulations for its use.
D) A project grant is the most typical type of categorical grant.
E) Categorical grants are monies that can be spent in broad categories of functions.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 86
88
The main type of federal aid to state and local governments is in the form of A) block grants.
B) formula grants. C) categorical grants. D) project grants
E) revenue sharing.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 86
89
The requirement of a drinking age provision before states can receive federal highway aid is an example of
A) a string attached to categorical grants.
B) an important element of the ʺformulaʺ used to calculate formula grants.
C) a project grant supported by the interest groups. D) the efforts of state agencies to get federal funds.
E) an unfunded mandate.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 86
90
The most common type of categorical grant is A) block grants.
B) a rescission fund. C) project grants. D) disaster relief.
E) revenue sharing.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
91
A project grant is
A) money awarded for public housing in urban areas of the nation.
B) awarded more or less automatically to states or communities.
C) awarded on the basis of competitive application.
D) restricted to construction projects.
E) distributed on the basis of population, per capita income, percentage of rural population, or some other factor.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
92
Programs such as Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children, where applicants automatically qualify for aid if they meet the requirements, are examples of
A) dual federalism. B) project grants.
C) formula grants. D) block grants.
E) welfare.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
93
In contrast to the Democratic Congress of recent decades, the new Republican majority in Congress is passing more federal aid in the form of
A) revenue sharing. B) categorical grants.
C) block grants. D) tax credits.
E) tax expenditures.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
94
The fact that the former Republican majority in Congress prefers block grants to categorical grants indicates that
A) they want to increase federal aid to state governments.
B) they want federal money to be spent at the neighborhood level rather than the state level.
C) they want to decrease federal aid to state governments.
D) they want the federal government to exercise less authority over the states.
E) they intend to raise more money from state governments to reduce the federal budget deficit.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 87
95
In response to complaints from state and local governments about the paperwork and requirements attached to most grants, Congress has established ________ to support programs in areas like community development and social services.
A) formula grants B) block grants
C) project grants
D) categorical grants
E) computerized grant applications
Answer: B
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96
On the whole, federal grant distribution follows the principle of A) universalism.
B) stinginess.
C) cronyism.
D) to the victors go the spoils.
E) needs-testing.
Answer: A
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97
Project grants
A) have no strings attached.
B) are awarded on the basis of competitive applications. C) are distributed according to a specific formula.
D) are automatically given to states and communities.
E) all of the above
Answer: B
Page Ref: 87
98
Grants for specific programs distributed according to community demographic factors, such as population or income, are
A) formula grants. B) categorical grants.
C) revenue sharing grants. D) project grants.
E) block grants.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 87
99
Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children are examples of A) categorical grants.
B) formula grants. C) project grants. D) state grants.
E) block grants.
Answer: B
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100
Grants that are given more or less automatically to states or communities, which have discretion in deciding how to spend the money are called
A) project grants.
B) discretionary grants.
C) formula grants. D) categorical grants.
E) block grants.
Answer: E
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101
A broad program for community development would most likely be supported through a(n) A) formula grant.
B) enterprise zone. C) project grant.
D) categorical grant.
E) block grant.
Answer: E
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102
Which of the following statements about federal block grants is FALSE?
A) Block grants were created to lessen the paperwork and strings attached to many
grants-in-aid.
B) Congress has established an unlimited number of block grants to support narrowly
defined programs.
C) The Republican Congress is increasing block grants.
D) States have discretion in deciding how to spend block grant money.
E) They provide the states more flexibility in spending.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 87
103
The largest percentage of federal grants to states and localities is in the area of A) defense.
B) health.
C) transportation. D) education.
E) homeland security.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 86
104
Expansions of mandated programs by the national government present especially difficult funding problems for
A) Congress.
B) federal taxpayers.
C) state and local governments. D) foreign governments.
E) the recipient of the service or program.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 88-89
105
In 1995, the Republican majority in Congress, in contrast to previous Democratic Congresses, A) limited the use of unfunded mandates.
B) prohibited the states from using unfunded mandates. C) limited the use of block grants.
D) avoided funded mandates.
E) all of the above
Answer: A
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106
Medicaid is an example of
A) a federal grant program that produces considerable competition between the states.
B) a federal grant program that receives little support from the political parties. C) a federal block grant.
D) a federal grant program that puts an economic strain on the states.
E) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 88
107
Which of the following is most equitably distributed in America? A) income
B) access to education C) taxes
D) credit
E) federal aid to states and cities
Answer: E
Page Ref: 88
108
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Federal grants can put an unwanted financial burden on states.
B) When Congress imposes a program on the states, it also provides the funds for the program.
C) Congress decreased funding of Medicaid in the 1980s to relieve state financial burdens.
D) States are always seeking increases in grant programs.
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 88-89
109
A number of states have sued the federal government for reimbursement of funds on the grounds that
A) overcrowded prisons are a form of cruel and unusual punishment.
B) Trick question! States cannot sue the federal government.
C) it has no right to charter a national bank.
D) the federal government isnʹt preventing illegal immigration into their states.
E) the Federal Reserve Board has pushed interest rates too high, increasing state borrowing costs.
Answer: D
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110
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have usually found the individual state governments to be more sympathetic than the national government to their demands.
A) Feminists
B) Civil rights advocates
C) Business interests
D) Those favoring the closing of military bases
E) Supporters of organized labor
Answer: C
Page Ref: 90
111
Sometimes states tackle problems that are generally considered national problems. This is most likely to occur when the federal government acts in a way that most state residents do not like. An example of this is
A) state funding for stem cell research in California. B) lowering the minimum wage.
C) collecting taxes on purchases made on the Internet.
D) restrictions on the chemicals that can be used for developing digital photographs.
E) local school board policies about which textbooks are appropriate.
Answer: A
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112
Business interests have traditionally found their demands received most favorably by A) state governments.
B) the courts.
C) Congress.
D) the president.
E) cities.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 90
113
Federalism is advantageous for democracy for each of the following reasons EXCEPT A) allows for a greater diversity of opinion to be reflected in public policies.
B) increases the number of decisions and compromises made at the national level. C) increases access to government.
D) allows more opportunities for political participation.
E) allows customization of policies for local needs.
Answer: B
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114
Federalism contributes to democracy by each of the following ways EXCEPT
A) easing the burdens on the national government so it can function more effectively.
B) increasing the opportunities for government to be responsive to demands for policies.
C) increasing access to government.
D) having state governments add thousands of elected offices for which citizens may vote or run.
E) providing a means for unified public policy.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 90-91
115
As a result of our federal form of government, the death penalty in the United States A) is mandatory.
B) is in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
C) is permissible at the federal level, but banned at the state level. D) varies substantially by state.
E) is permissible because it is not considered cruel and unusual punishment.
Answer: D
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116
Each of the following is considered a disadvantage of federalism for democracy EXCEPT
A) local interests may be able to thwart national majority support of certain policies.
B) powerful interests in a state can use the state as a power base to promote their interests.
C) voter turnout rates in state and local elections are even lower than in national elections.
D) large number of governments in the United States make exercising democratic control more difficult.
E) policy diversity can discourage states from providing services that would otherwise be available.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 92-93
117
Spending on public education illustrates
A) cooperation between states and federal government for unified policy.
B) the advantages of fiscal federalism.
C) the diversity in the quality of education among states as a result of federalism. D) the national curriculum that exists in the United States.
E) advantages of relying on states to supply public services.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 92
118
How many governments are there in the United States? A) 538
B) over 100,000 C) 51
D) one
E) 50
Answer: B
Page Ref: 93
119
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) The federal government has given billions of dollars in subsidies to private industries.
B) The national government took a direct interest in economic affairs from the very founding of the republic.
C) As the country became more industrialized many interests asked the national government to restrain monopolies and encourage open competition.
D) As the country became more industrialized and urbanized, economic interest groups turned to the state governments rather than the federal government for help.
E) The national government has increasingly involved itself in the economic marketplace.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 94
120
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Federalism reduces decision making and conflict at the national level.
B) Federalism reduces the opportunities for political participation.
C) Federalism allows the diversity of opinion within the country to be reflected in different public policies among the states.
D) There are over a half million elected officials in the United States as a result of the federal system.
E) The federal system ensures that each state can establish a power base to promote its interests.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 90-91
121
Over the last 125 years the people of the United States have turned increasingly to the national government to solve problems or provide assistance because
A) the Tenth Amendment gave increased power to the national government.
B) a problem or policy often requires the authority and resources of the national government.
C) of corruption at the state level.
D) we have a unitary government.
E) of persistent corruption in state and local government.
Answer: B
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122
Americaʹs ________ society makes it more sensible to have Social Security administered on a national rather than a state-by-state basis.
A) electronic
B) free enterprise
C) mobile
D) multi-ethnic
E) aging
Answer: C
Page Ref: 94
123
Today, the national government spends roughly ________ of the gross domestic product. A) 15 percent
B) 20 percent
C) 2.5 percent
D) 9 percent
E) 44 percent
Answer: B
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124
The proportion of the United States gross national product spent by state and local governments has ________ since 1929.
A) increased at a much faster rate compared to the national government B) increased, but not nearly as fast as the national governmentʹs
C) dropped considerably D) remained steady
E) dropped slightly
Answer: B
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125
Today, roughly ________ of the gross domestic product is spent by state and local governments.
A) 7.5 percent B) 25 percent C) 10 percent D) 15 percent
E) 1 percent
Answer: E
Page Ref: 95
126
The rapid growth of the national government is largely due to the fact that
A) the diversity of interests within and among the states require a national focus.
B) states are constitutionally prohibited from maintaining independent defense forces and policies.
C) the states have failed to adequately represent their interests.
D) the Constitution requires that most programs be administered by the national government.
E) most problems and policies require the authority and resources of the national government.
Answer: E
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127
Since 1929, the national governmentʹs share of American governmental expenditures has A) dropped.
B) remained the same.
C) approached nearly 100 percent. D) grown rapidly.
E) grown at a slower rate than the statesʹ share.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 94
128
Today, the national government spends about A) a tenth of our gross domestic product.
B) a half of our gross domestic product.
C) 100 percent of our gross domestic product. D) a fifth of our gross domestic product.
E) a third of our gross domestic product.
Answer: D
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129
Which of the following statements about the state governments is accurate?
A) They carry out virtually all the functions they always have, while the national government has taken on new functions.
B) The national government has taken away nearly all the functions the states used to perform.
C) The national government has taken away about half the functions the states used to perform.
D) There has been a sharp decrease in the proportion of gross national product spent by states and localities since 1929.
E) Their policy functions have nearly been taken over by the national government.
Answer: A
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130
The governmentʹs responses in the wake of Hurricane Katrina underscores
A) the neccesity of complying with the letter and the spirit of the Third Amendment.
B) the tensions between Congress and the president.
C) the ability of the U.S. military to mobilize and deploy quickly. D) the complexity of American federalism.
E) all of the above
Answer: D
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131
Federalism is
A) a system of shared power by the state and national governments.
B) the same as unitary government.
C) sole government authority in the national government. D) sole government authority in the states.
E) a three-branch government with a system of checks and balances.
Answer: A
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132
Federalism is
A) unique to the United States alone.
B) practiced by about half the nations worldwide.
C) practiced in about half the American states.
D) practiced by nearly all of the 190 nations worldwide.
E) practiced by fewer than 20 nations worldwide.
Answer: E
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133
A form of governmental structure in which the national government is weak and most or all power is in the hands of its components (e.g., states) is known as
A) federalism. B) statist.
C) a confederation. D) parliamentary.
E) a unitary government.
Answer: C
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134
The workings of the federal system are sometimes called A) internal relations.
B) intergovernmental relations. C) intrastate relations.
D) interstate relations.
E) international relations.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 72
135
Which of the following is NOT true?
A) Few countries have federal systems.
B) Most federal systems are democracies.
C) Authoritarian regimes generally do not use federalist systems. D) No unitary governments are democratic.
E) Only some democracies use federal systems
Answer: D
Page Ref: 70
136
Most of the governments in the world today are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, in which all power resides in the central national government.
A) unitary B) federalist
C) nationalist
D) confederations
E) fiscal
Answer: A
Page Ref: 70
137
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) The American states have unitary governments.
B) Federalism is the typical way nations organize their governments. C) Great Britain has a federal system.
D) Most European countries are confederations.
E) none of the above
Answer: A
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138
A unitary system is a way of organizing government so that
A) power is concentrated in state and local governments.
B) national and state governments have separate powers over different areas and people.
C) power is concentrated in a central government.
D) both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people.
E) every single government is independent of the others and possesses its own specialized power and authority.
Answer: C
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139
Which of the following is an example of a confederation? A) state governments in the United States
B) the United Nations C) OPEC
D) Britain
E) France
Answer: B
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140
How is a unitary system different from a federal one?
A) The national government can coin money, conduct foreign relations, and declare war.
B) The national government can change the boundaries of states, or abolish them.
C) State governments have political autonomy and can nullify national laws.
D) Administrative subunits, such as states, can collect taxes, conduct elections, and make laws independently of the national government.
E) both B and C
Answer: B
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141
12) Federalism is a way of organizing a nation so that
A) power is centralized in state and local government.
B) both national and state levels of government have authority over the same land and people.
C) there is one federal government and all regional governments are administrative subunits of it.
D) power is centralized in the national government.
E) there are three branches of government and a system of checks and balances.
Answer: B
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142
Which one of the following countries has federalism as its method of governing? A) Canada
B) China C) France D) Kenya
E) No other country uses federalism.
Answer: A
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143
The federal system
A) decreases judicial power.
B) centralizes our politics.
C) decreases opportunities for political participation. D) decreases the number of government officeholders.
E) decentralizes our politics.
Answer: E
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144
Which of the following is NOT an effect of federalism? A) It simplifies the governmental system.
B) Courts are called upon to be referees, and they gain power. C) It decentralizes political power.
D) It creates more access points to government.
E) It increases bureaucracy.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 72-73
145
The power to directly regulate such things as drinking ages, marriage and divorce, and sexual behavior has been granted
A) to all governments by the Bill of Rights. B) to the national government.
C) to the president.
D) to state governments.
E) to both the state and national governments.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 72
146
States are responsible for most public policies dealing with each of the following issues EXCEPT
A) economic issues. B) social issues.
C) police powers. D) family issues.
E) moral issues.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 73
147
Laws that directly regulate abortion, drinking ages, marriage and divorce, or sexual behavior are policy prerogatives that belong to
A) the bureaucracy. B) the states.
C) Congress.
D) local governments.
E) federal courts.
Answer: B
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148
All of the following are examples of how federalism decentralizes our policies EXCEPT A) federal income tax.
B) regulation of abortion. C) death penalty.
D) funding of education.
E) homeland security.
Answer: A
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149
Which of these is NOT among the factors that tend to lead to the creation of a federal form of government in a country?
A) large population B) diverse population
C) large land area
D) the existence of multiple religions
E) industrialization
Answer: E
Page Ref: 71
150
In our federal system, the powers of the state governments are ultimately granted by A) their stateʹs Supreme Court.
B) the people of their state.
C) their state legislature.
D) the United States Constitution.
E) the United States government.
Answer: D
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151
As the framers wrote the Constitution they had no practical choice but to adopt a federal system for all but which of the following reasons?
A) The confederation had clearly failed in managing the countryʹs problems.
B) The population was too dispersed for a unitary system to work.
C) Americansʹ loyalty to state governments was stronger than it was to the United States.
D) America had always had a federal system and it would have been too radical and disruptive a change to adopt another system.
E) The countryʹs transportation and communication systems were too primitive for a unitary government to work.
Answer: D
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152
From clean-air legislation to welfare reforms, the states constitute a ________ to develop and test public policies and share the results with other states and the national government.
A) major roadblock
B) national laboratory
C) neglected resource D) last chance
E) severe reluctance
Answer: B
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153
Almost every policy the national government has adopted has originated with A) the Senate.
B) the states.
C) the House of Representatives. D) the Supreme Court.
E) the president.
Answer: B
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154
Which of the following statements about federalism is FALSE?
A) Federalism was hotly debated at the Constitutional Convention.
B) Eighteenth-century Americans had little experience in thinking of themselves as Americans first and state citizens second.
C) There was no other practical choice in 1787 but to create a federal system of government.
D) Loyalty to state governments was so strong that the Constitution would have been resoundingly defeated had it tried to abolish them.
E) None of the above; all are TRUE.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 74
155
The supremacy clause of the Constitution states that all of the following are the supreme law of the land, EXCEPT
A) laws of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution). B) the United States Constitution.
C) state constitutions.
D) treaties of the national government (when consistent with the Constitution).
E) both C and D
Answer: C
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156
The Constitutionʹs supremacy clause
A) does not apply to state and local matters.
B) gives the states superiority over the national governmentʹs Constitution and laws.
C) made the Constitution, the laws of the national government, and the national governmentʹs treaties the supreme law of the land.
D) is vague about which level of government should prevail in a dispute involving federalism.
E) makes the president supreme in any constitutional conflicts with the other two branches.
Answer: C
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157
The efforts of Candy Lightner and Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD) to raise the legal drinking age to 21 are an example of
A) the supremacy of state government to regulate its own affairs.
B) the constitutional authority of the national government to impose policies on state governments.
C) states acting as policy innovators.
D) the unconstitutionality of age discrimination.
E) the ability of the national government to influence state policy.
Answer: E
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158
The supremacy clause
A) establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land.
B) establishes the Supreme Court as the final arbiter in all civil and criminal disputes.
C) declares that the national government is superior to the states in every concern.
D) states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved to the states.
E) states that the people are the supreme authority in the United States and that the government shall be subservient to them.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 74
159
The primary thrust of the original intent and wording of the Tenth Amendment is that
A) state legislatures have the ultimate authority to determine what a state governmentʹs powers are.
B) states have certain powers that the national government cannot encroach upon.
C) the national government can take control of a state government during a national emergency.
D) national laws override state laws when there is a conflict between the two.
E) both the states and national government are bound by the limitations in the Bill of Rights.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 74-75
160
In the Constitution, the powers to coin money, to enter into treaties, and to regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states were given to
A) neither the individual states nor the national government. B) the national government.
C) the individual states. D) the Senate only.
E) both the individual states and the national government.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 75
161
The Tenth Amendment
A) declares that the national government is superior to the states in every concern.
B) establishes the Constitution, laws of the national government, and treaties as the supreme law of the land.
C) establishes the Supreme Court as the final arbiter in all civil and criminal disputes.
D) establishes the number of electoral votes each state can cast in the electoral college.
E) states that powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by the states, are reserved for the states.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 74
162
Only the national government is allowed to A) levy taxes.
B) regulate commerce with foreign nations. C) take private property for public purposes. D) make and enforce laws.
E) all of the above
Answer: B
Page Ref: 75
163
What was the main criticism of the national bank created by the United States government?
A) It was printing too much worthless paper money which debtors were using to pay off their debts.
B) It was charging exorbitant interest rates on its loans.
C) It was borrowing too much money, putting the United States government hopelessly in debt.
D) It was an instrument of the elite and gave the national government too much control of the economy.
E) It did not efficiently distribute money to the states.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 76-77
164
Which of these was NOT a principle established in the case of McCulloch v. Maryland?
A) State governments are forbidden spending more money than they raise each year, while
there is no such requirement on the national government.
B) The national government can establish a national bank, even though the Constitution does not say it can.
C) The national government is supreme to the states when it is acting within its sphere of action.
D) The national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated powers.
E) State laws preempt national laws when the national government clearly exceeds its constitutional powers and intrudes upon state powers.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 76-77
165
In its McCulloch v. Maryland decision, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of A) judicial restraint.
B) judicial review.
C) the supremacy of the national government over the states. D) the supremacy of the states over the national government.
E) Maryland in a dispute with the national government.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 76-77
166
The McCulloch v. Maryland case dealt with what specific grievance? A) a state taxing a national bank
B) toll bridges on interstate roads
C) the location of Marylandʹs capital city D) a state coining its own money
E) import taxes on goods made in other states
Answer: A
Page Ref: 76-77
167
The principle of the supremacy of federal law over state law was affirmed in A) Marbury v. Madison.
B) the Tenth Amendment. C) United States v. Darby. D) McCulloch v. Maryland.
E) the presidential election of 1804.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 77
168
The Supreme Court case of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) A) established Baltimore as the capital of Maryland.
B) stated that the Constitution gave Congress implied powers. C) established the principle of judicial review.
D) established the supremacy of state governments.
E) recognized that Congress was limited to its enumerated powers.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 77
169
The principle that the national government has certain implied powers that go beyond its enumerated powers was first elaborated in the Supreme Courtʹs decision in
A) United States v. the States. B) Gibbons v. Ogden.
C) Miranda v. Arizona.
D) McCulloch v. Maryland.
E) Marbury v. Madison.
Answer: D
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170
The enumerated powers of Congress and the national government are those A) specifically spelled out in the Constitution.
B) set out in the first ten amendments.
C) involving taxes, spending, and fiscal policy.
D) not specifically spelled out in the Constitution, but nonetheless acknowledged.
E) requiring ratification by the states.
Answer: A
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171
Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, protect consumers, try to clean up dirty air and water, and do many other things are all justified as ________ of Congress.
A) implied powers B) categorical grants
C) constitutionally specified powers D) reserved powers
E) enumerated powers
Answer: A
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172
The Constitutionʹs provision that Congress has the right to ʺmake all laws necessary and proper for carrying into executionʺ its powers is often referred to as the
A) enumerated powers.
B) heart of fiscal federalism.
C) Unwritten Amendment. D) elastic clause.
E) privileges and immunities.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 77
173
In determining the power of Congress to regulate commerce in the case of Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), the Supreme Court
A) prohibited Congress from regulating business activity on the grounds it violated private property rights.
B) listed the implied powers of Congress and the national government.
C) defined commerce very narrowly in considering the right of Congress to regulate it.
D) listed the enumerated powers of Congress and the national government.
E) defined commerce very broadly, encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity.
Answer: E
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174
The Constitution states that Congress has the power to establish post offices. This is an example of
A) enumerated powers. B) delegated powers.
C) implied powers. D) reserved powers.
E) shared powers.
Answer: A
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175
Which of the following federal policies exemplifies the implied powers of Congress? A) environmental protection law
B) income tax
C) the regulation of interstate commerce D) the provision of an army and a navy
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 77
176
Federal policies to regulate food and drugs, build interstate highways, and protect consumers are all justified as
A) presidential prerogatives.
B) enumerated powers of Congress.
C) delegated powers of Congress. D) implied powers of Congress.
E) both C and D
Answer: D
Page Ref: 77
177
The Supreme Court case of Gibbons v. Ogden A) defined the meaning of the elastic clause.
B) settled the contested presidential election of 1824.
C) defined commerce as virtually every form of commercial activity. D) established the principle of implied powers.
E) established the supremacy of the national government.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 77
178
Enumerated powers are those that are A) reserved for the states.
B) stated in the Constitution. C) implied in the Constitution. D) involving money matters.
E) granted specifically to the president.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 77
179
Abraham Lincoln announced in his 1861 inaugural address that he would willingly support a constitutional amendment to
A) prohibit states from seceding from the Union.
B) return the United States to a confederation, with greater powers given to the states.
C) establish the United States as a unitary system, where states would have to obey all national government decisions.
D) outlaw slavery.
E) guarantee slavery.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 78
180
The Supreme Court case of Printz v. United States
A) enhanced the powers of Congress by expanding its interpretation of commerce.
B) denied Congress the power of regulating guns in school zones.
C) voided the congressional mandate in the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act requiring local community officials to conduct background checks on prospective gun purchasers.
D) affirmed the provisions of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act.
E) none of the above
Answer: C
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181
In the 1950s and 1960s, the proclamation of statesʹ rights was usually made by those opposing the national governmentʹs efforts in the area of
A) the Vietnam War. B) abortion rights.
C) civil rights for African Americans. D) the interstate highway system.
E) the Korean War.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 78
182
The Constitution requires that states give ________ to the public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings of every other state.
A) privileges and immunities B) due process
C) full faith and credit D) some consideration
E) extradition
Answer: C
Page Ref: 79
183
Contracts between business firms can be enforced across state boundaries as part of the constitutional provision of
A) interstate compacts.
B) privileges and immunities.
C) implied powers of the states. D) extradition.
E) full faith and credit.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 79
184
A marriage license issued in one state is valid and honored in all states under the constitutional provision of
A) separation of powers. B) full faith and credit.
C) national supremacy. D) national licensure.
E) privileges and immunities.
Answer: B
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185
The fact that a driverʹs license from one state is valid in other states is an example of A) privileges and immunities.
B) extradition.
C) implied powers.
D) full faith and credit.
E) unmandated reciprocity.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 79
186
The constitutional requirement that the states return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment is known as
A) forfeiture. B) extradition.
C) privileges and immunities. D) full faith and credit.
E) the elastic clause.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 80
187
One recently controversial application of the ʺfull faith and creditʺ provision of the Constitution is for
A) extradition.
B) birth certificates.
C) same gender marriages. D) bigamy.
E) abortion
Answer: C
Page Ref: 79-80
188
Extradition is the requirement that states
A) provide sanctuary for federal criminals.
B) cannot discriminate against citizens of other states.
C) recognize each others public acts, records, and civil judicial proceedings.
D) must return a person charged with a crime in another state to that state for trial or imprisonment.
E) enforce federal law within their state.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 80
189
In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of the different levels of government are distinct, like a layer cake.
A) fiscal B) dual
C) tripartite D) cooperative
E) anti-
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81
190
The national government has exclusive control over foreign and military policy, the postal system, and monetary policy, while the states have exclusive control over other specific areas. This division of responsibilities reflects
A) dual federalism.
B) divided government.
C) tripartite federalism. D) cooperative federalism.
E) fiscal federalism.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 81
191
In Saenz v. Roe, the Supreme Court ruled that
A) California was required to recognize the legality of same sex marriages.
B) California could not require a new resident to wait one year before being eligible for welfare benefits.
C) California could withhold educational benefits from children of illegal immigrants.
D) California was required to offer bilingual education programs in the public elementary schools.
E) California could not provide welfare benefits to illegal immigrants.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81
192
A tuition difference between in-state and out-of-state students is an example of A) dual federalism.
B) federal exceptions to the full faith and credit provision.
C) full faith and credit being extended to all students.
D) how states make exceptions to the privileges and immunities clause.
E) project grants to the states.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 80
193
If the allocation of power in a cooperative federal system were compared to a cake it would be most like
A) a layer cake with two distinct layers. B) a single-layer cake.
C) a cake walk: who gets what is random. D) fifty marbled cupcakes.
E) a layer cake with many layers.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 81
194
Over time, there has been a gradual change from a dual federalism to a(n) ________ federalism.
A) unitary B) single
C) tripartite D) cooperative
E) fiscal
Answer: D
Page Ref: 81
195
In ________ federalism, the powers and policy assignments of different levels of government are like a marble cake, with mingled responsibilities and blurred distinctions between layers of government.
A) fiscal B) mixed
C) dual
D) cooperative
E) tripartite
Answer: D
Page Ref: 81
196
In dual federalism,
A) the state governments assume greater fiscal responsibility.
B) there are only two branches of government.
C) the federal government assumes greater fiscal responsibility. D) powers are shared between states and the federal government.
E) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 81
197
In cooperative federalism,
A) states and the national government each remain supreme within their own spheres.
B) responsibilities are mingled and distinctions are blurred between the levels of government.
C) powers and policy assignments of the layers of government are distinct.
D) states are supreme over the national government.
E) both A and B
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81
198
Since the ratification of the Constitution, American federalism has gradually changed from A) cooperative to dual federalism.
B) state domination to national domination. C) dual to cooperative federalism.
D) a unitary to a federal system.
E) a federal system to a unitary one.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 81
199
Which of the following statements about federalism is false?
A) In cooperative federalism, sometimes even blame is shared when programs do not work well.
B) The American system has always been neatly separated into purely state and purely national responsibilities.
C) In cooperative federalism, policy assignments are shared between states and the national government.
D) Cooperative federalism today rests on several standard operating procedures.
E) None; all are true.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 81
200
Federal support for public education is an example of a A) pragmatic federalism.
B) dual federalism.
C) cooperative federalism. D) layer cake federalism.
E) separation of powers
Answer: C
Page Ref: 81-82; 83
201
Funding for the interstate highway system is an example of A) dual federalism.
B) cooperative federalism.
C) tripartite federalism.
D) a unitary system of government.
E) national federalism.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 82
202
The National Defense Education Act, the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, and the Interstate Highway System are all examples of
A) dual federalism.
B) cooperative federalism.
C) triangulation.
D) layer cake federalism.
E) unitary federalism
Answer: B
Page Ref: 82
203
Which of the following is NOT a standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today?
A) distinctly separated powers of state and national governments B) federal grants-in-aid
C) shared administration of programs D) shared financing of government
E) federal guidelines imposed on states
Answer: A
Page Ref: 82
204
Which of the following does NOT characterize the standard operating procedure of cooperative federalism today?
A) federal guidelines B) grants-in-aid
C) shared costs
D) separate and distinct roles for the national and state governments
E) shared administration
Answer: D
Page Ref: 82
205
Standard operating procedures in cooperative federalism include each of the following EXCEPT
A) shared administration. B) shared costs.
C) federal funding with no strings attached. D) federal guidelines.
E) categorical and block grants.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 82
206
In cooperative federalism, in order to qualify for federal grant money, cities and states must A) match federal funding dollar for dollar.
B) propose standard operating procedures.
C) allow federal agencies to administer the funds.
D) follow federal guidelines for adopting and enforcing federal laws.
E) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 81
207
Federal regulation of state governments is usually accomplished through A) United States Supreme Court decisions.
B) presidential decrees.
C) attaching conditions to grants it gives them. D) federalization of a stateʹs national guard.
E) direct, executive orders.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 85-86
208
About ________ of the funds state and local governments spend comes from the federal government.
A) 33 percent B) 25 percent C) 50 percent D) 75 percent E) 90 percent
Answer: B
Page Ref: 85-86
209
Federal aid to state and local governments accounts for how much of federal spending? A) 33 percent
B) 50 percent C) 2 percent D) 18 percent
E) 75 percent
Answer: D
Page Ref: 83
210
The main instrument the national government uses to influence state governments is A) grants-in-aid.
B) mandates.
C) judicial review.
D) the Tenth Amendment.
E) presidential decrees.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 85
211
Fiscal federalism is
A) the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system.
B) the distinct separation of national government spending versus state and local government spending.
C) the federal governmentʹs regulation of the money supply and interest rates.
D) the federal income tax.
E) a sharing of local and national resources practiced in other countries but not in the United States.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 85
212
The pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system is called A) economic federalism.
B) dual federalism.
C) cooperative federalism. D) fiscal federalism.
E) monetary federalism.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 85
213
The main instrument the national government uses for both aiding and influencing states and localities is
A) judicial decisions. B) politics.
C) grants-in-aid. D) mandates.
E) revenue sharing.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 85
214
Of all the funds spent by state and local governments, federal aid accounts for about A) two-thirds.
B) one-half.
C) one-fourth. D) three percent.
E) one-third.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 85-86
215
The principal type of federal aid for states and localities is A) categorical grants.
B) disaster loans. C) revenue sharing. D) block grants.
E) urban renewal grants.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 86
216
Which of the following is NOT true about categorical grants?
A) The federal government is less likely to apply conditions to these grants today than in the 1970s.
B) There are several hundred specific purposes or categories for which these grants can be used.
C) Virtually every one is enshrouded in rules and regulations for its use.
D) A project grant is the most typical type of categorical grant.
E) Categorical grants are monies that can be spent in broad categories of functions.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 86
217
The main type of federal aid to state and local governments is in the form of A) block grants.
B) formula grants. C) categorical grants. D) project grants
E) revenue sharing.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 86
218
The requirement of a drinking age provision before states can receive federal highway aid is an example of
A) a string attached to categorical grants.
B) an important element of the ʺformulaʺ used to calculate formula grants.
C) a project grant supported by the interest groups. D) the efforts of state agencies to get federal funds.
E) an unfunded mandate.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 86
219
The most common type of categorical grant is A) block grants.
B) a rescission fund. C) project grants. D) disaster relief.
E) revenue sharing.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
220
A project grant is
A) money awarded for public housing in urban areas of the nation.
B) awarded more or less automatically to states or communities.
C) awarded on the basis of competitive application.
D) restricted to construction projects.
E) distributed on the basis of population, per capita income, percentage of rural population, or some other factor.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
221
Programs such as Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children, where applicants automatically qualify for aid if they meet the requirements, are examples of
A) dual federalism. B) project grants.
C) formula grants. D) block grants.
E) welfare.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
222
In contrast to the Democratic Congress of recent decades, the new Republican majority in Congress is passing more federal aid in the form of
A) revenue sharing. B) categorical grants.
C) block grants. D) tax credits.
E) tax expenditures.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 87
223
The fact that the former Republican majority in Congress prefers block grants to categorical grants indicates that
A) they want to increase federal aid to state governments.
B) they want federal money to be spent at the neighborhood level rather than the state level.
C) they want to decrease federal aid to state governments.
D) they want the federal government to exercise less authority over the states.
E) they intend to raise more money from state governments to reduce the federal budget deficit.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 87
224
In response to complaints from state and local governments about the paperwork and requirements attached to most grants, Congress has established ________ to support programs in areas like community development and social services.
A) formula grants B) block grants
C) project grants
D) categorical grants
E) computerized grant applications
Answer: B
Page Ref: 87
225
On the whole, federal grant distribution follows the principle of A) universalism.
B) stinginess.
C) cronyism.
D) to the victors go the spoils.
E) needs-testing.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 88
226
Project grants
A) have no strings attached.
B) are awarded on the basis of competitive applications. C) are distributed according to a specific formula.
D) are automatically given to states and communities.
E) all of the above
Answer: B
Page Ref: 87
227
Grants for specific programs distributed according to community demographic factors, such as population or income, are
A) formula grants. B) categorical grants.
C) revenue sharing grants. D) project grants.
E) block grants.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 87
228
Medicaid and Aid for Families with Dependent Children are examples of A) categorical grants.
B) formula grants. C) project grants. D) state grants.
E) block grants.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 87
229
Grants that are given more or less automatically to states or communities, which have discretion in deciding how to spend the money are called
A) project grants.
B) discretionary grants.
C) formula grants. D) categorical grants.
E) block grants.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 87
230
A broad program for community development would most likely be supported through a(n) A) formula grant.
B) enterprise zone. C) project grant.
D) categorical grant.
E) block grant.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 87
231
Which of the following statements about federal block grants is FALSE?
A) Block grants were created to lessen the paperwork and strings attached to many
grants-in-aid.
B) Congress has established an unlimited number of block grants to support narrowly
defined programs.
C) The Republican Congress is increasing block grants.
D) States have discretion in deciding how to spend block grant money.
E) They provide the states more flexibility in spending.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 87
232
The largest percentage of federal grants to states and localities is in the area of A) defense.
B) health.
C) transportation. D) education.
E) homeland security.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 86
233
Expansions of mandated programs by the national government present especially difficult funding problems for
A) Congress.
B) federal taxpayers.
C) state and local governments. D) foreign governments.
E) the recipient of the service or program.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 88-89
234
In 1995, the Republican majority in Congress, in contrast to previous Democratic Congresses, A) limited the use of unfunded mandates.
B) prohibited the states from using unfunded mandates. C) limited the use of block grants.
D) avoided funded mandates.
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 85
235
Medicaid is an example of
A) a federal grant program that produces considerable competition between the states.
B) a federal grant program that receives little support from the political parties. C) a federal block grant.
D) a federal grant program that puts an economic strain on the states.
E) all of the above
Answer: D
Page Ref: 88
236
Which of the following is most equitably distributed in America? A) income
B) access to education C) taxes
D) credit
E) federal aid to states and cities
Answer: E
Page Ref: 88
237
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) Federal grants can put an unwanted financial burden on states.
B) When Congress imposes a program on the states, it also provides the funds for the program.
C) Congress decreased funding of Medicaid in the 1980s to relieve state financial burdens.
D) States are always seeking increases in grant programs.
E) all of the above
Answer: A
Page Ref: 88-89
238
A number of states have sued the federal government for reimbursement of funds on the grounds that
A) overcrowded prisons are a form of cruel and unusual punishment.
B) Trick question! States cannot sue the federal government.
C) it has no right to charter a national bank.
D) the federal government isnʹt preventing illegal immigration into their states.
E) the Federal Reserve Board has pushed interest rates too high, increasing state borrowing costs.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 90
239
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ have usually found the individual state governments to be more sympathetic than the national government to their demands.
A) Feminists
B) Civil rights advocates
C) Business interests
D) Those favoring the closing of military bases
E) Supporters of organized labor
Answer: C
Page Ref: 90
240
Sometimes states tackle problems that are generally considered national problems. This is most likely to occur when the federal government acts in a way that most state residents do not like. An example of this is
A) state funding for stem cell research in California. B) lowering the minimum wage.
C) collecting taxes on purchases made on the Internet.
D) restrictions on the chemicals that can be used for developing digital photographs.
E) local school board policies about which textbooks are appropriate.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 92
241
Business interests have traditionally found their demands received most favorably by A) state governments.
B) the courts.
C) Congress.
D) the president.
E) cities.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 90
242
Federalism is advantageous for democracy for each of the following reasons EXCEPT A) allows for a greater diversity of opinion to be reflected in public policies.
B) increases the number of decisions and compromises made at the national level. C) increases access to government.
D) allows more opportunities for political participation.
E) allows customization of policies for local needs.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 90-91
243
Federalism contributes to democracy by each of the following ways EXCEPT
A) easing the burdens on the national government so it can function more effectively.
B) increasing the opportunities for government to be responsive to demands for policies.
C) increasing access to government.
D) having state governments add thousands of elected offices for which citizens may vote or run.
E) providing a means for unified public policy.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 90-91
244
As a result of our federal form of government, the death penalty in the United States A) is mandatory.
B) is in violation of the Eighth Amendment.
C) is permissible at the federal level, but banned at the state level. D) varies substantially by state.
E) is permissible because it is not considered cruel and unusual punishment.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 90-91
245
Each of the following is considered a disadvantage of federalism for democracy EXCEPT
A) local interests may be able to thwart national majority support of certain policies.
B) powerful interests in a state can use the state as a power base to promote their interests.
C) voter turnout rates in state and local elections are even lower than in national elections.
D) large number of governments in the United States make exercising democratic control more difficult.
E) policy diversity can discourage states from providing services that would otherwise be available.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 92-93
246
Spending on public education illustrates
A) cooperation between states and federal government for unified policy.
B) the advantages of fiscal federalism.
C) the diversity in the quality of education among states as a result of federalism. D) the national curriculum that exists in the United States.
E) advantages of relying on states to supply public services.
Answer: C
Page Ref: 92
247
How many governments are there in the United States? A) 538
B) over 100,000 C) 51
D) one
E) 50
Answer: B
Page Ref: 93
248
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) The federal government has given billions of dollars in subsidies to private industries.
B) The national government took a direct interest in economic affairs from the very founding of the republic.
C) As the country became more industrialized many interests asked the national government to restrain monopolies and encourage open competition.
D) As the country became more industrialized and urbanized, economic interest groups turned to the state governments rather than the federal government for help.
E) The national government has increasingly involved itself in the economic marketplace.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 94
249
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Federalism reduces decision making and conflict at the national level.
B) Federalism reduces the opportunities for political participation.
C) Federalism allows the diversity of opinion within the country to be reflected in different public policies among the states.
D) There are over a half million elected officials in the United States as a result of the federal system.
E) The federal system ensures that each state can establish a power base to promote its interests.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 90-91
250
Over the last 125 years the people of the United States have turned increasingly to the national government to solve problems or provide assistance because
A) the Tenth Amendment gave increased power to the national government.
B) a problem or policy often requires the authority and resources of the national government.
C) of corruption at the state level.
D) we have a unitary government.
E) of persistent corruption in state and local government.
Answer: B
Page Ref: 94-95
251
Americaʹs ________ society makes it more sensible to have Social Security administered on a national rather than a state-by-state basis.
A) electronic
B) free enterprise
C) mobile
D) multi-ethnic
E) aging
Answer: C
Page Ref: 94
252
Today, the national government spends roughly ________ of the gross domestic product. A) 15 percent
B) 20 percent C) 2.5 percent D) 9 percent
E) 44 percent
Answer: B
Page Ref: 95
253
The proportion of the United States gross national product spent by state and local governments has ________ since 1929.
A) increased at a much faster rate compared to the national government B) increased, but not nearly as fast as the national governmentʹs
C) dropped considerably D) remained steady
E) dropped slightly
Answer: B
Page Ref: 95
254
Today, roughly ________ of the gross domestic product is spent by state and local governments.
A) 7.5 percent B) 25 percent C) 10 percent D) 15 percent
E) 1 percent
Answer: E
Page Ref: 95
255
The rapid growth of the national government is largely due to the fact that
A) the diversity of interests within and among the states require a national focus.
B) states are constitutionally prohibited from maintaining independent defense forces and policies.
C) the states have failed to adequately represent their interests.
D) the Constitution requires that most programs be administered by the national government.
E) most problems and policies require the authority and resources of the national government.
Answer: E
Page Ref: 94
256
Since 1929, the national governmentʹs share of American governmental expenditures has A) dropped.
B) remained the same.
C) approached nearly 100 percent. D) grown rapidly.
E) grown at a slower rate than the statesʹ share.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 94
257
Today, the national government spends about A) a tenth of our gross domestic product.
B) a half of our gross domestic product.
C) 100 percent of our gross domestic product. D) a fifth of our gross domestic product.
E) a third of our gross domestic product.
Answer: D
Page Ref: 95
258
Which of the following statements about the state governments is accurate?
A) They carry out virtually all the functions they always have, while the national government has taken on new functions.
B) The national government has taken away nearly all the functions the states used to perform.
C) The national government has taken away about half the functions the states used to perform.
D) There has been a sharp decrease in the proportion of gross national product spent by states and localities since 1929.
E) Their policy functions have nearly been taken over by the national government.
Answer: A
Page Ref: 95
