Chapter 2 Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
Blephar/o
A
eyelid
2
Q
Bucc/o
A
cheek
3
Q
cholecyst/o
A
gallbladder
4
Q
colp/o
A
vagina
5
Q
cyst/o
A
a fluid sac or pouch, urinary bladder
6
Q
Derm/o
A
skin
7
Q
Encephal/o
A
brain
8
Q
Enter/o
A
intestine
9
Q
Hem/o
A
blood
10
Q
Hemat/o
A
blood
11
Q
My/o
A
muscle
12
Q
Myel/o
A
spinal cord, bone marrow
13
Q
Onycho
A
nail
14
Q
Oste/o
A
bone
15
Q
Phleb/o
A
vein
16
Q
Pulm/o
A
lungs
17
Q
Pulmon/o
A
lungs
18
Q
Synov/i
A
synovial fluid, joint or membrane
19
Q
Word Root
A
Word part that holds the fundamental meaning of the medical term.
20
Q
Prefix
A
Typically attached to the beginning of a word to modify or alter it’s meaning. Prefixes often indicate location, time, or number.
21
Q
Ab-
A
away from
22
Q
Ad-
A
toward, near
23
Q
Ante-
A
before
24
Q
Ec-
A
out, outside
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Ecto-
out, outside
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End/o
in, within
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Mon/o
one
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Poly-
many, much
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Post-
after, behind
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Suffix
Attached to the end of a word to modify or alter it's meaning. Suffixes frequently indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease.
31
-centesis
puncture, tap
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-desis
binding, fusion
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-ectomy
excision, surgical removal
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-graphy
act of recording data
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-pexy
surgical fixation
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-plasty
plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction
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-tripsy
crushing
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Anatomical Position
upright, face-forward position with the arms by the side and palms facing forward. The feet are parallel and slightly apart.
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Anterior (ventral)
toward the front of the body
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posterior (dorsal)
toward the back of the body
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Medial
toward the mid-line of the body
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Lateral
toward the side of the body
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Proximal
nearer to the point of attachment of to a given reference point.
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Distal
farther from the point of attachment or from a given reference point
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Superior (cranial)
Above; toward the head
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Inferior (caudal)
Below; toward the lower end of the spine
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Superficial (external)
Closer to the surface of the body
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Deep (internal)
Closer to the center of the body
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Sagittal
Cuts through the mid-line of the boy from front to back, dividing the body into right and left sections
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Frontal (coronal)
cuts at a right angle to the mid-line, from side to side, dividing the body into front(anterior) and back (posterior) sections
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traverse (horizontal) (axial)
Cuts horizontally through the body, separating the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) sections.
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cell
the cell is the basic unit of all living things
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Tissue
a group of similar cells performing a specific task
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Connective Tissue
divided into 4 general groups: adipose tissue, cartilage, bone and blood.
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Organs
two or more kinds of tissue that together perform special body functions.
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Systems
groups of organs that work together to perform complex body functions.
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cranial cavity
a space inside the skull, or cranium, containing the brain
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spinal (vertebral) cavity
the space inside the spinal column containing the spinal cord
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thoracic (chest) cavity
space containing the heart, lungs, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and thymus.
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abdominal cavity
space containing the lowest portion of the esophagus, the stomach, intestines (excluding the sigmoid colon, and rectum), kidneys, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and uterus.
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pelvic cavity
space containing the urinary bladder, certain reproductive organs, part of the large intestine, and the rectum.
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Mucous Membranes
line the interior walls of the organs and tubes that open to the outside of the body, such as those of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems.
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Serous Membranes
line the cavities, including the thoracic cavity and internal organs. The lungs are covered by he pleura the heard is covered by the pericardium; the peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic cavity and covers the organs with it.
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Synovial Membranes
line joint cavities and are composed of connective tissue. They secrete synovial fluid into the joint cavity so that bones can move freely.
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Meninges
composed of three connective tssue membranes found within the dorsal cavity and serve as a protective covering of the brain and spinal cord. From the outer layer to the inner layer are dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater.
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Cutaneous Membrane
the skin; forms the outer covering of the body
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Integumentary System
the largest organ system in the body and is comprised of the skin, hair, and nails.
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Epidermis
Top layer of skin, comprised of four to five layers of stratum.
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Stratum Corneum
also called horny layer; outermost layer
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Stratum Lucidum
Clear layer. The stratum lucidum layer is normally found only on the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet.
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Stratum Granulosum
granular layer of cells They accumulate two types of granules; keratohyaline granules and lamellated granules
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Stratum Spinosum
composed of prickle cells
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Stratum Basale (Stratum Germinativum)
Deepest of the five layers, made of basal cells.
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Dermis
located just under the epidermis, comprised of 2 layers of stratum.
Contains vessels carrying blood and lymph, nerves and nerve endings, glands, and hair follicles.
Lies on the subcutaneous tissue.
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Stratum Papillare
thin superficial layer interlocked with the epidermis
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Stratum Reticulare
thick layer of dense, irregular connective tissue
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hypodermis
subcutaneous tissue, composed mostly of fatty or adipose tissue. Not considered part of the skin.
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papilla
the base of the hair follicle, bulb-like projection
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erector pili
muscle that attaches to the outer sheath and causes the hair to stand up when it contracts.
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hair shaft
composed of keratin in three layers: medulla, cortex and cuticle. Pigment cells in the cortex and medulla give hair it's characteristic color.
81
Two parts to hair
the follicle and the shaft
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Six parts to nails
the root, the nail bed, the nail plate, the cuticle, the perionychium and the hyponychium.
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root
Also called germinal matrix, lies beneath the skin behind the fingernail and extends several millimeters into the finger.
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lunula
the white, crescent-shaped structure at the edge of the nail bed.
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nail bed
called the sterile matrix, extends from the edge of the lunula to the hypnychium. Contains the blood vessels, nerves, and melanocytes.
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nail plate
the actual fingernail, made of translucent keratin.
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cuticle
eponychium, between the skin of the finger and the nail plate that fuses the skin of the finger to the nail plate.
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perionychium
also known as the paronychial edge, It is the skin that overlies the nail plate on its sides.
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hyponychium
the juntion between the free edge of the nail and the skin.
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Bones
Form the skeleton, support the body, and protect vital organs, while also creating blood cells and storing calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium salts.
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Long or Tubular bones
Named for their elongated shape (femur and humerus)
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Short or Cuboidal
Cube-shaped bones found in the carpal bones of the wrist and tarsal bones of the ankle.
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Sesamoid
a short bone formed within the tendons, such as the patella.
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Flat
consist of a layer of spongy bone between two thin layers of compact bone.
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irregular
examples include the zygoma and vertebrae.
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Bone Fractures
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Closed Fracture
Compound Fracture
Comminuted Fracture
Transverse Fracture
Greenstick Fracture
Spiral Fracture
Colles' Fracure
Compression Fracture
Epihyseal Fracture
```
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Closed Fracture
Does not involve a break in the skin
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Compound Fracture
Projects through the skin increasing the possibility of infection.
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Comminuted Fracture
More than two separate bone components - Segmental fracture, bony fragments
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Transverse Fracture
Breaks the shaft of a bone across the longitudinal axis.
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Greenstick Fracture
Where only one side of shaft is broken, and the other is bent; common in chidren
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Spiral Fracture
Spread along the length of bone and produced by twisting stress
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Colles' Fracture
Occurs in the wrist and affects the distal radius bone
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Compression Fracture
Occurs in vertebrae and is subject to extreme stress
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Epiphyseal Fracture
Occurs where the matrix is undergoing calcification and chondrocytes are dying; usually seen in children.
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Cartilage
non-vascular, flexible, connective tissue matrix made of chondrocytes, collagen, and glycosylated protein called proteoglycan
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Joints
provide a connection between two or more skeletal parts.
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3 types of joints
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial.
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2 Parts of the Human Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
| Appendicular Skeleton
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Axial Skeleton
```
Consists of:
Skull
Hyoid and cervical spine (neck)
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebrae
Sacrum
```
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Appendicular Skeleton
Shoulder Girdle
Pelvic Girdle
Extremities
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3 Types of Muscles
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
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Skeletal Muscle
also called striated muscle, attached to the skeleton; contraction of skeletal muscle is under voluntary control
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Smooth Muscle
Found in the walls of all the hollow organs of the body (except the heart). Its contraction reduces the size of these structures; movement generally is considered involuntary (not under voluntary control)
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Cardiac Muscle
also called heart muscle, makes up the wall of the heart.
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3 types of blood vessels
Arteries
Veins
Capillaries
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Arteries
Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart. Vessels get smaller and turn into arterioles as they go into the extremities. Eventually they comprise the arterial side of the capillary bed.
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Veins
Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. The venous side of the circulation begins in the venous side of the capillary bed, enlarging to form venules and eventually forming veins.
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Capillaries
Tiny vessels, usually a single cell layer thick. They are semi-permeable and facilitate the exchange of fluids, oxygen, nutrients, and wast between local tissues and the blood stream.
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heart pumps blood to 2 distinct systems for circulation
deoxygenated blood
| oxygenated blood
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3 layers of the heart
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
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Epidcardium
the outer layer of the heart
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Myocardium
the main muscle of the heart. The tissues allow electrical impulses to pass quickly across the muscle fibers as part of the heart's unique electrical conduction system.
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Endocardium
inner lining of the heart
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pericardial sac
the heart is enclosed in a double-wall lining, which prevents the heart from rubbing against other organs or body structures as it beats.
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Lymphatic System
Comprised of lymph vessels and nodes. The system serves to collect excess fluid from the interstitial spaces and returns it to the heart The venous end of the capillaries into the interstitial space; the lymph picks up any excess fluid.
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Lymphatic Vessels
Lymphatic Capillaries are closed off at one end. After the lymph fluid is picked up, it is circulated to these increasingly larger lymph vessels. They empty their contents into either the right lymphatic duct or the thoracic duct, situated in the thoracic cavity.
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Spleen
Filters and destroys red blood cells that are no longer efficient. It serves as a blood-forming organ early in life, and then as a storage unit for extra red blood cells and platelets.
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Thymus
bi-lobed organ located in the neck and extends int the thorax. After puberty it starts to atrophy gradually. The thymus is responsible for T-lymphocyte maturation, enabling them to function against specific pathogens in the immune response.
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Tonsils
partially encapsulated lymphoid tissue in the throat. They are named according to their location:
palatine tonsils, lingual tonsils, and pharyngeal tonsils (referred to as the adenoids if enlarged).
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Peyer's Patches
Found in the lining of the intestine and contain high levels of white blood cells, which help fight infection and disease.
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Appendix
a mass of lymphoid tissue attached to the first part of the large intestine. It helps to protect against invading microorganisms.
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The Parts of the Respiratory System
Nose, naval cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi and their smaller branches, the lungs, and alveoli
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3 regions of the pharynx
nasopharynx (air passageway), oropharynx (air and food passageway) and laryngopharynx (air and food passageway)
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larynx
Voicebox; also helps provide an open (patent) airway and to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into proper channels.
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Trachea
in the mediastinal region and spits into two bronchi (at the carina) which enter the lungs.
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Lungs
Divided into lobes; the right lung has 3 lobes and the left lunch has two lobes.
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bronchioles
the airways on the smallest branch of the bronchial tree. Each of these narrow further until they end in a tiny pouch called an aveolar sac.
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Alveolar Sac
Gasses are exchanged across the single-cell layer of tissue comprising the alveolar sac into the pulmonary circulation. Capillaries from the pulmonary circulation form a bed around each alveoli; gas is exchanged between the alveoli and the capillaries via diffusion.
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Cardiac Orifice
The opening of the stomach.
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Fundus
The rounded upper portion of the stomach.
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Body of the Stomach
The main portion of the stomach
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pyloric antrum
the lower portion of the stomact.
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Duodenum
the first 1/3 of the small intestine
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Jenjunum
The second 1/3 of the small intestine
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ileum
The distal 1/3 of the small intestine
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Large Intestine
begins after the ileocecal valve at the cecum, with the appendix at the bottom
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4 portions of the colon
Ascending Colon
Transverse Colon
Descending Colon
Sigmoid Colon
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Ancillary Organs that are part of the digestive system
Pancreas, liver and gallbladder
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pancreas
produces digestive enzymes that are secreted in the intestines
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gall bladder
stores bile (which helps digest fat)
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Liver
stores bile that is produced in the gall bladder.
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The Parts of the Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
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Male Reproductiive System
External genitalia: testes, epididymis, scrotum and penis
Internal organs include: prostrate gland, seminal vesicle and Cowper's glands.
The tubes and ducts of the system: vas deferens, ejaculatory duct and the urethra.
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Female Reproductive System
External genitalia: vulva, labia majora and minora, clitoris, external opening of the vagina (intoitus) opening of the urethra (urinary meatus), Skene's gladns (found on either side of the urinary meatus), Bartholin's glands (found on either side of the introitus)
Internal organs include: vagina, uterus, two Fallopian tubes and two ovaries.
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Nervous System
Functions as both a central nervous system and central intelligence for the body. It regulates bodily functions, provides for an internal method of communication between the brain and other organs as well as between the organism and the environment.
