Chapter 2

Question 1

Matter

Answer 1

anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 2

Mass

Answer 2

an object is defined as a measure of the amount of matter it contains

Question 3

Atom

Answer 3

the smallest particle that can contain the chemical properties of an element

Question 4

Element

Answer 4

a substance composed of atoms that cannot be broken down into smaller, simpler components

Question 5

Periodic Table

Answer 5

lists all of the elements currently known

Question 6

Molecules

Answer 6

particles containing more than one atom

Question 7

Compounds

Answer 7

molecules that contain more than one element

Question 8

Atomic Number

Answer 8

the number of protons in the nucleus of a particular element

Question 9

Mass Number

Answer 9

the total number of protons and neutrons in an element

Question 10

Isotopes

Answer 10

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass numbers

Question 11

Radioactive Decay

Answer 11

the spontaneous release of material from the nucleus

Question 12

Half-Life

Answer 12

the time it takes for one-half of the original radioactive parent atoms to decay

Question 13

Covalent Bonds

Answer 13

elements that do not readily gain or lose electrons form compounds by sharing electrons

Question 14

Ionic Bond

Answer 14

the attraction between oppositely charged ions forms a chemical bond

Question 15

Hydrogen Bond

Answer 15

a weak chemical bond that forms when hydrogen atoms that are covalently bonded to one atom are attracted to another atom on another molecule

Question 16

Polar Molecule

Answer 16

one side is more positive and the other side is more negative

Question 17

Surface Tension

Answer 17

results from the cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water, create a sort of skin on the water’s surface

Question 18

Capillary Action

Answer 18

happens when adhesion of water molecules

Question 19

Acid

Answer 19

a substance that contributes hydrogen ions to a solution

Question 20

Base

Answer 20

a substance that contributes hydroxide ions to a solution

Question 21

pH Scale

Answer 21

a way to indicate the strength of acids and bases

Question 22

Chemical Reaction

Answer 22

occurs when atoms separate from the molecules they are a part of or recombine with other molecules

Question 23

Law of Conservation of Matter

Answer 23

states that matter cannot be created or destroyed

Question 24

Inorganic Compounds

Answer 24

compounds that either

a) do not contain the element carbon
b) do not contain carbon, only carbon bound to elements other than hydrogen

Question 25

Organic Compounds

Answer 25

compounds that have carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds

Question 26

Carbohydratres

Answer 26

compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms

Question 27

Proteins

Answer 27

made up of long chains of nitrogen-containing organic materials called amino acids

Question 28

Nucleic Acids

Answer 28

organic compounds found in all living cells

Question 29

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)

Answer 29

the genetic material organisms pass on to their offspring that contains the code for reproducing the components of the next generation

Question 30

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)

Answer 30

translates the code stored in the DNA and allows for the synthesis of proteins

Question 31

Lipids

Answer 31

smaller biological molecules that do not mix with water

Question 32

Cell

Answer 32

highly organized living entity that consists of the four types of macromolecules and other substances in a watery solution, surrounded by a membrane

Question 33

Energy

Answer 33

the ability to do work, or transfer heat

Question 34

Electromagnetic Radiation

Answer 34

a form of energy that includes, but is not limited to, visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared energy, which we perceive as heat

Question 35

Photons

Answer 35

massless packets of energy that travel at the speed of light and can move even through the vacuum of space

Question 36

Joule

Answer 36

the amount of energy used when a 1-watt light bulb is turned on for 1 second

Question 37

Power

Answer 37

the rate at which work is done

Question 38

Potential Energy

Answer 38

energy that is stored but has not yet been released

Question 39

Kinetic Energy

Answer 39

the energy of motion

Question 40

Chemical Energy

Answer 40

potential energy stored in chemical bonds

Question 41

Temperature

Answer 41

the measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance

Question 42

First Law of Thermodynamics

Answer 42

just as matter can neither be created not destroyed, energy is neither created nor destroyed

Question 43

Second law of Thermodynamics

Answer 43

when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work diminishes

Question 44

Energy Efficiency

Answer 44

the ratio of the amount of work that is done to the total amount of energy that is introduced into the system in the first place

Question 45

Energy Quality

Answer 45

the ease with which an energy source can be used for work

Question 46

Entropy

Answer 46

always increasing in a system, unless new energy from outside the system is added to create order

Question 47

Open System

Answer 47

exchanges of matter or energy occur across system boundaries

Question 48

Closed System

Answer 48

matter and energy exchanges across system boundaries do not occur

Question 49

Inputs

Answer 49

additions to a given system

Question 50

Outputs

Answer 50

losses from the system

Question 51

Systems Analysis

Answer 51

they determine inputs, outputs, and changes in the system under various conditions

Question 52

Steady State

Answer 52

whether inputs equal outputs

Question 53

Feedback

Answer 53

the results of a process feed back into the system to change the rate of that process

Question 54

Negative Feedback Loop

Answer 54

a system responds to a change by returning to a change by returning to its original state, or at least by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring

Question 55

Positive Feedback Loop

Answer 55

amplifies change

Question 56

Adaptive Management Plan

Answer 56

a strategy that provides flexibility so that managers can modify it as future changes occur