Chapter 2

Question 1

Model

Answer 1

Approximate representation of simulation of a system

Question 2

Scientific theory

Answer 2

Well-tested and widely accepted scientific hypothesis or a group of related hypothesis

Question 3

Scientific law or law of nature

Answer 3

Well-tested and widely accepted description of what we find happening repeatedly in nature in the same way

Question 4

Tentative science or frontier science

Answer 4

Not yet widely accepted or tested by peer review

Question 5

Reliable source

Answer 5

Consists of data, hypothesis, models, theories, and laws that are widely accepted

Question 6

Unreliable science

Answer 6

Results presented as being reliable without having undergone the rigors of widespread peer review

Question 7

Matter

Answer 7

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Question 8

Element

Answer 8

A fundamental type of matter that has a unique set of properties and cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means

Question 9

Compounds

Answer 9

Combination of two or more different elements held together in fixed proportions

Question 10

Atomic theory

Answer 10

Idea that all elements are made up of atoms

Question 11

Atomic number

Answer 11

Number of protons in nucleus

Question 12

Mass number

Answer 12

Total number of neutrons and protons in its nucleus

Question 13

Isotopes

Answer 13

An element having the same atomic number but different mass numbers

Question 14

Molecule

Answer 14

A combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements held together by forces called chemical bonds

Question 15

Ion

Answer 15

An atom or a group of atoms with one or more net positive or negative electrical charges

Question 16

Acidity

Answer 16

A chemical characteristic that helps determine how a substance dissolved in water will interact with and affect its environment

Question 17

Ph

Answer 17

A measure of acidity; measure of hydroxide and hydrogen ions

Question 18

Organic compounds

Answer 18

Chemicals that contain two or more carbon atoms combined with atoms of one or more other elements

Question 19

Inorganic compounds

Answer 19

Anything that is not an organic compound is inorganic

Question 20

Cells

Answer 20

Fundamental structural and functional units of life

Question 21

Genes

Answer 21

Within some DNA molecules there are certain sequences of nucleotides called

Question 22

Trait

Answer 22

Coded genetic information leads to this

Question 23

Chromosome

Answer 23

Thousands of genes make up a single chromosome

Question 24

Nuclear change

Answer 24

Change in nuclei of its atoms

Question 25

Heat

Answer 25

The total kinetic energy of all moving atoms, ions, or molecules within a given substance

Question 26

Electromagnetic radiation

Answer 26

Energy travels in the form of wave as a result of changes in electrical and magnetic fields

Question 27

Energy quality

Answer 27

A measure of the capacity of a type of energy to do useful work

Question 28

High-quality energy

Answer 28

A great capacity to do useful work because it is concentrated

Question 29

Low quality energy

Answer 29

Is so dispersed that it has little capacity to do useful work

Question 30

First law of thermodynamics or law of conservation of energy

Answer 30

Whenever energy is converted from one form to another in a physical of chemical change, no energy is created or destroyed

Question 31

Second law of thermodynamics

Answer 31

Whenever energy is converted from one form to another, a lower quality energy is created

Question 32

System

Answer 32

A set of components that function and interact in some regular way

Question 33

Most systems have the following key components

Answer 33

Inputs from the environment, flows or throughputs of matter and energy within the system, and outputs to the environment

Question 34

Feedback

Answer 34

Systems are affected by this. It is any process that increases or decreases a change to a system

Question 35

Feed-back loop

Answer 35

Causes a system to change further in the same direction

Question 36

Negative or corrective feedback loop

Answer 36

Causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

Question 37

Time delay

Answer 37

A lack of response during a period of time between the input of a feedback stimulus and the system's response to it

Question 38

Tipping point

Answer 38

The point at which a fundamental shift in the behavior of a system occurs

Question 39

Synergistic interaction

Answer 39

When two or more processes interact so that the combined effect is greater than the sum of their separate effects

Question 40

Science

Answer 40

A human effort to discover how the physical world works by making observations and measurements, and carrying out experiments.