Chapter 2

Question 1

Muscles can be named due to:

Answer 1

visual appearance, location, function, shape, size etc

Question 2

2 major types of fiber arrangements:

Answer 2

Parallel: parallel to length of muscle
Pennate: shorter fibers

Question 3

5 categories of parallel fiber arrangements:

Answer 3

Flat: flat and thin ex. rectus abdominus
Fusiform: spindle shaped ex. brachialis
Strap: long parallel ex. sartorius
Radiate: fan shaped ex. pectoralis major
Sphincter/ Circular: strap muscles ex. oris surrounding mouth

Question 4

3 categories of pennate:

Answer 4

Unipennate: only one side of tendon. ex bicep femoris
Bipennate: run along both sides of tendon ex. rectus femoris
Multipennate: several tendons ex. deltoid

Question 5

4 properties of a muscle:

Answer 5

irritability- sensitive
contractility- ability to contract
extensibility
elasticity -

Question 6

Intrinsic vs. extrinsic muscles

Answer 6

Small muscles found in mostly hands and feet.

Extrinsic- proximal body part upon which they act ex. forearm

Question 7

Innervation

Answer 7

segment of nervous system that stimulates specific muscle

Question 8

Origin

Answer 8

proximal attachment of muscle

Question 9

Insertion

Answer 9

distal attachment, the most moveable

Question 10

Isometric contraction

Answer 10

tension developed within muscle. Contracts but length not affected

Question 11

Isotonic

Answer 11

develop tension to cause or control joint movement
concentric- shortening
eccentric-lengthening

Question 12

Agonist muscles

Answer 12

primary movers, or muscles involved

Question 13

Antagonist muscles

Answer 13

located opposite side of joint from agonist

Question 14

What are the 5 levels of control in CNS?

Answer 14

cerberal cortex 
basal ganglia 
cerebellum
brain stem 
spinal cord

Question 15

Cerebral cortex

Answer 15

voluntary movement

Question 16

Basal ganglia

Answer 16

posture and equilibrium. controls learned movements

Question 17

Cerebullum

Answer 17

sensory impulses

Question 18

Brain stem

Answer 18

activity through excitation and inhibition through neuro functions.

Question 19

Spinal cord

Answer 19

pathway through CNS and PNS

Question 20

Which cranial nerves are sensory

Answer 20

1, 2, 8

Question 21

Which are cranial nerves are motor?

Answer 21

3, 4, 6, 11, 12

Question 22

Which are motor and sensory?

Answer 22

5, 7, 9, 10

Question 23

Accessory nerve 11 is for?

Answer 23

for shoulder shrugging and head movement. the jaw muscle and trap.

Question 24

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

Answer 24

31 pairs

Question 25

How many are in each coulmn?

Answer 25

``` 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal ```

Question 26

Dermatome

Answer 26

area of skin supplied by specific spinal nerve

Question 27

Myotome

Answer 27

area of skin supplied by specific spinal nerve

Question 28

Proprioceptors specific to muscles

Answer 28

muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs -found at tendon junction

Question 29

Proprioceptors specific to joints and skin

Answer 29

meissners, ruffini's, pacinian and krause

Question 30

How does GTO work?

Answer 30

Stretch threshold reached, impulse sent to CNS, muscle relaxes, facilitates activation

Question 31

Active insufficiency

Answer 31

reached when muscle is shortened that can not generate or main tension

Question 32

Passively insufficiency

Answer 32

reached when opposing muscle becomes stretched to pint where it cane lengthen

Question 33

At what position generates the most tension?

Answer 33

At resting position or lengthened position