Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Brain And Behaviour > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

(72 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

True or false reality is subjective and produced by the brain

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Plasticity

A

Neural tissue has the capacity to adapt to the world by changing how its functions are organized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or false connections among neurons in a given functional system do not change in response to the environment

A

False neurons are constantly changing in response to experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to the brain when we learn something new?

A

The cortical regions taking part can actually increase in size to accommodate the learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neuroplasticity

A

The nervous system’s potential for physical or chemical change that enhances it’s adaptability to environmental change in its ability to compensate for injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Phenotypic plasticity

A

The individuals capacity to develop into more than one phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the brains primary function?

A

To produce behavior and movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Anterior

A

Located near or toward the front of the animal or the front of the head; also known as frontal and rostral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Posterior

A

Located near or toward the tale of the animal; also known as caudle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Coronal

A

Cut vertically from the crown of the head down; used in reference to the plane of a brain section that reveals a frontal view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dorsal

A

On or toward the back of the animal or in reference to human brain nuclei located above; in reference to brain sections, a viewing orientation from above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Horizontal

A

Cut along the horizon; used in reference to the plane of a brain section that reveals a dorsal view

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Inferior

A

Located below (ventral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Lateral

A

Toward the side of the body or brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle, specifically the bodies midline; in reference to brain sections, a side view of the central structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Superior

A

Located above (dorsal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sagittal

A

Cut lengthways from front to back of the skull; the plane that reveals a view into the brain from the side; a cut in the midsagittal plane divides the brain into symmetrical halves, a medial view.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ventral

A

On or toward the belly or the side of the animal where the belly is located; in reference to brain nuclei, located below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Buoyancy (helps keep the brain afloat the weight of the unsuspended brain would damage ventral neurons); protection (to some extent); chemical stability (removes waste products associated with metabolic activity); and prevention of ischemia (Low blood flow; Controls blood pressure in the brain)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the four ventricles in the brain?

A

Third ventricle, fourth ventricle, right lateral ventricle, left lateral ventricle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

It is produced in the lateral ventricles in the brain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Who is most at risk for concussions?

A

Children around the age of two. But the second highest reach for concussions is between the age of 16 to 22.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens in a concussive event?

A

Can result in to discrete areas of damage: the coup (The area of impact), and the countercoup (damage to the brain opposite the area of impact).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some of the results of chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A

Atrophy of the brain (most likely resulting from neuronal death); enlargement the ventricles; and increased brain proteins associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the three major arteries that provide the brain with blood?
The anterior cerebral artery, the middle cerebral artery, and the posterior cerebral artery.
26
What is a stroke?
The sudden appearance of neurological symptoms as a result of severe interrupted blood flow to the brain.
27
What are the two classes of stroke?
Ischemic and hemorrhagic.
28
Ischemic stroke.
Blocked blood vessel, more common, and less severe.
29
Hemorrhagic stroke.
Burst blood vessel, less common and more severe.
30
What are the symptoms of a stroke?
Weakness on the contralateral side of the body; slow to behavior; short-term memory impairment; vision problems; loss of coordination and balance; etc.
31
How do you treat a stroke?
Restore blood flow to the brain ASAP. Tissue plasminogen activator and is used to treat ischemic strokes but only works within a three hour window.
32
What is the cascade of post stroke events?
Ionic changes to secondary messengers to mRNA to proteins to inflammation to recovery.
33
What is constraint induced therapy?
Reversal of learned nonuse of the affected limb.
34
What do neurons do?
Carry out the brains major functions.
35
What do you glial cells do?
Aid and modulate the neurons activities.
36
What is gray matter made out of?
Cell bodies and capillary blood vessels.
37
What is white matter made out of?
The myelinated axon's of neurons.
38
What are the six layers of the neocortex?
Layers I to III: integration of information; Layer IV: input sensory information (afferent); Layers V and VI: output information (efferent).
39
What is principle one of the nervous systems function?
The nervous system function is to produce movement within the perceptual world created by the brain.
40
What is principle 2 of the nervous systems function?
The hallmark of nervous system functioning is neuroplasticity.
41
What is principal three of the nervous systems functioning?
Many of the brains circuits are crossed.
42
What is principal five of the nervous systems functioning?
The brain is both symmetrical and asymmetrical.
43
What is the structure in the brain that allows for overlapping blood flow?
The circle of Willis.
44
What are the three divisions of brain stem?
Diencephalon, mid brain, and hind brain.
45
What structures make up the hindbrain?
The Medulla, the pons, the cerebellum, and the reticular formation.
46
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Controls complex movements.
47
What is principal four of the nervous systems functioning?
The central nervous system functions on multiple levels.
48
From lowest to highest complexity what are the structures of movement in the brain?
Spinal cord, cerebellum, pons, basal ganglia, motor cortex.
49
What is principle six of the nervous systems functioning?
Bring systems are organized both hierarchically and in parallel.
50
What is the purpose of the reticular formation?
Responsible for stimulating the forebrain, arousal, sleep/wake behavior.
51
What is the function of the pons?
Control vital movements; receives input from the cerebellum and transmits it to the rest of the brain.
52
What is the function of the Medulla?
Controls vital movement; Controls breathing.
53
What are the two structures of the midbrain?
The Tectum (located dorsally), and the Tegmentum (located ventrally).
54
What two structures do the tectum contain?
The superior and inferior colliculi. The superior colliculus receives input from the optic nerve. The inferior colliculus receives input from auditory pathways.
55
What is the Tegmentum?
Nuclei responsible for movement. Contains the substantia nigra.
56
What is the purpose of the substantia nigra?
Important for initiating movement; damage to this area results of Parkinson's disease.
57
What is the diencephalon?
The top of the brainstem, responsible for integrating sensory and motor information on its way to the cortex. ie. The Thalamus and hypothalamus.
58
What is the thalamus?
The gateway to the cortex; sensory information is input to the thalamus and relayed to the appropriate areas of the cortex. ie. The lateral geniculate nucleus received info from the optic tract and relays it to visual regions in the cortex.
59
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Controls hormone production via interaction with the pituitary gland. ex. feeding, sex, temperature regulation, emotional behavior, sleep, etc.
60
What are the three structures of the forebrain?
The cortex, the basal ganglia, and the olfactory system.
61
What are the two structures found in the cortex?
The neocortex, and the limbic cortex.
62
What is the function of the basal ganglia and what structures does it contain?
Control and coordination of voluntary movement. Includes the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus.
63
What is principal seven of the nervous systems functioning?
Sensory and motor divisions exist throughout the central nervous system.
64
What are the structures of the brain involved in motor information?
Ventral spinal cord, cerebellum, pons, Tegmentum, Substantia nigra, basil ganglia, and motor cortex.
65
What are the structures of the brain involved with sensory information?
Thalamus, Tectum, dorsal spinal cord, sensory cortex, and visual cortex.
66
What is principle eight of the nervous systems functioning?
Sensory input to the brain is divided into object recognition (ventral stream) and motor control (dorsal stream).
67
What are the three main structures of the limbic cortex?
The amygdala, the hippocampus, and the cingulate cortex.
68
What is the function of the limbic cortex?
Memory, spatial navigation, emotion, and motivation. ex. The amygdala is responsible for emotional memory, and the hippocampus is responsible for spatial navigation and episodic memory.
69
What is principle nine of the nervous systems functioning?
Functions of the brain are both localized and distributed.
70
True or false, the temporal lobe can process visual information.
True. The fusiform gyrus processes complex visual info, like faces.
71
What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis and a healthy individual?
Flu like symptoms such as headache, fatigue, muscle aches, and fever.
72
What are the symptoms of toxoplasmosis in an unhealthy individual?
Seizures, encephalitis, and confusion.

Brain And Behaviour (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions