Chapter 2

Question 1

Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt

Answer 1

Early childhood

Develop Autonomy

Question 2

Initiative vs Guilt

Answer 2

Play age

Develop initiative

Question 3

Industry vs Inferiority

School age

Answer 3

Deve develop feelings of competence

Question 4

Identity versus identity diffusion

Answer 4

Adolescent developmental stage

Integrate early Self with changing self

Question 5

Intimacy versus isolation

Answer 5

Developmental stage early adulthood

Establish intimacy

Question 6

Generativity versus self absorbency

Answer 6

Adulthood

Establishing guide the next generation

Question 7

Integrity versus despair

Answer 7

Senescence

Reach end of life with positive self esteem

Question 8

Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development

Trust vs Mistrust

Answer 8

Developmental Stage: Infancy

Develop a basic sense of trust

Question 9

experience-expectant

Answer 9

the neural connections that develop under genetic influence, independent or experience, activity, or stimulation

Question 10

experience-dependent

Answer 10

the neural connections that develop in response to experience

Question 11

self-concept

Answer 11

an individual’s perception of his/her identity as distinct from others

Question 12

the value one places on their identity

Answer 12

self esteem

Question 13

generativity

Answer 13

interest in establishing an guiding the next generation

Question 14

self-regulation

Answer 14

the ability to control one’s impulses, behavior, and/or emotions until an appropriate time, place, or object is available for expression

Question 15

developmental tasks

Answer 15

a task that lies between an individual’s need and a societal demand

Question 16

ego centrism

Answer 16

the cognitive inability to look at the world from any point of view other than one’s own

Question 17

community

Answer 17

a group of people sharing fellowship an common interests; a group of people living in the same geographic area who are bound together politically and economically

Question 18

social capital

Answer 18

term referring to individual and communal time and energy (human resources) available for such things as social networking, personal recreation, community improvement, civic engagement, and other activities that create social bonds between individuals and groups

Question 19

advocacy

Answer 19

speaking or writing in support of a person, a group, or a cause

Question 20

affective

Answer 20

having to do with feelings and emotions

Question 21

attachment

Answer 21

an affectional tie that one person forms to another person, binding them together in space and enduring over time

Question 22

operant

Answer 22

producing an effect

Question 23

reinforcement

Answer 23

an object or event that is presented following a behavior and that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again

Question 24

positive reinforcement

Answer 24

a reward, or pleasant consequence, given for desired behavior

Question 25

negative reinforcement

Answer 25

the termination of an unpleasant condition following a desired response

Question 26

extinction

Answer 26

the gradual disappearance of a learned behavior following the removal of the reinforcement

Question 27

punishment

Answer 27

physically or psychologically painful stimuli or the temporary withdrawal of pleasant stimuli when undesirable behavior occurs

Question 28

feedback

Answer 28

evaluative information, both positive and negative, about one's behavior

Question 29

self-efficacy

Answer 29

the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes

Question 30

modeling

Answer 30

a form of imitative learning that occurs by observing another person (the model) perform a behavior and experience its consequences

Question 31

standard

Answer 31

a level or grade of excellence regarded as a goal or a measure of adequacy

Question 32

reasoning

Answer 32

giving explanations or causes for an act

Question 33

altruism

Answer 33

actions that are intended to help or benefit another person or group of people without the actor's anticipation of external rewards

Question 34

sociocentrism

Answer 34

the ability to understand and relate to the views and perspectives of others

Question 35

transductive reasoning

Answer 35

reasoning from one particular fact or case to another similar fact or case

Question 36

inductive reasoning

Answer 36

reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion

Question 37

deductive reasoning

Answer 37

reasoning from a general principle to a specific case, or from a premise to a logical conclusion

Question 38

authoritative

Answer 38

parenting a style of democratic parenting in which authority is based on competence or expertise

Question 39

permissive

Answer 39

parenting a style of child-centered parenting characterized by a lack of directives or authority

Question 40

authoritarian

Answer 40

parenting a style of parent-centered parenting characterized by unquestioning obedience to authority figure.

Question 41

tradition

Answer 41

customs, stories, and beliefs handed down from generation to generation

Question 42

ritual

Answer 42

a ceremonial observation a prescribed rule or custom

Question 43

rites of passage

Answer 43

rituals that signify changes in individuals' status as they move through cycle life

Question 44

routines

Answer 44

repetitive acts or established procedures

Question 45

symbols

Answer 45

acts or objections that have come to be generally accepted as standing for something else

Question 46

apprenticeship

Answer 46

a process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in the master taskes

Question 47

values

Answer 47

qualities or beliefs that are viewed as desirable or important

Question 48

attitudes

Answer 48

tendencies to respond positively (favorably) or negatively (unfavorably) to certain person/ objects, or situations

Question 49

motives

Answer 49

needs or emotions that cause a person to act

Question 50

motives

Answer 50

needs or emotions that cause person to act

Question 51

attributions

Answer 51

explanations for one's performance

Question 52

mastery motivation

Answer 52

the inborn motive to explore, understand, and control one's environment

Question 53

achievement motivation

Answer 53

the inborn motivation to achieve mastery of challenging tasks

Question 54

behavior

Answer 54

what one does or how one acts in response to stimulus

Question 55

morals

Answer 55

and individuals evaluation of what is right and wrong

Question 56

gender roles

Answer 56

the qualities that an individual understands to characterize males and females in his or her culture.