Chapter 2

Question 1

a process

Answer 1

primary process
in the opponent process theory of motivation

first process of the opponent process theory of motivation that is elicited by a biologically significant stimulus

Question 2

afferent neuron

Answer 2

a neuron that transmits messages from sense organs to the CNS

Question 3

appetitive behaviour

Answer 3

behaviour that occurs early in a natural behaviour sequence and serves to bring the organism in contact with a releasing stimulus

Question 4

B process

Answer 4

opponent process in the opponent process theory of motivation

Question 5

Consummatory behaviour

Answer 5

behaviour that serves to bring a natural sequence of behaviour to consummation or completion. Usually species-typical modal action patterns

Question 6

drug tolerance

Answer 6

reduction in the effectiveness of a drug as a result of repeated use of the drug

Question 7

efferent neuron

Answer 7

motor neuron

transmist impulses to muscles

Question 8

fatigue

Answer 8

a temporary decrease in behaviour caused by repeated or excessive use of the muscles involved in the behaviour

occurs at the muscle!

Question 9

focal search mode

Answer 9

the second component of the feeding behaviour sequence following general search, in which the organism engages in behaviour focused on a particular location or stimulus that is indicative if the presence of food. Focal search is a form of appetitive behaviour that is more closely related to food than general search

Question 10

Food handling and ingestion mode

Answer 10

the last component of the feeding behaviour sequence, in which the organism handles and consumes food
similar to consummatory behaviour

Question 11

general search mode

Answer 11

the earliest component of the feeding behaviour sequence, in which the organism engages in non directed locomotor behaviour.
general search is is a form of appetitive behaviour

Question 12

habituated effect

Answer 12

a progressive decrease in the vigor of elicited behaviour that may occur with repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

Question 13

habituation process

Answer 13

a neural mechanism activated by repetitions of a stimulus that reduces the magnitude of responses elicited by that stimulus

Question 14

interneuron

Answer 14

in the spinal cord that transmits impulses from afferent to efferent neurons

Question 15

modal action pattern (MAP)

Answer 15

a response pattern exhibited by most, if not all members of a species in much the same way. MAPs are used as basic units of behaviour in ethological investigations of behaviour

Question 16

opponent process

Answer 16

a compensatory mechanism that occurs in response to the primary process elicited by biologically significant events. The opponent process causes physiological and behavioural changes that are the opposite of those caused by the primary process.

Question 17

reflex definition

Answer 17

a close relation between an eliciting stimulus and a resulting response that is mediated by a neural circuit (the reflex arc) that links afferent neurons activated by the stimulus with efferent neurons that trigger response output. As a consequence, the eliciting stimulus usually produces the reflex response, which rarely occurs otherwise

Question 18

sign stimulus (releasing stimulus)

Answer 18

a specific feature of an object or animal that elicits a modal action pattern

feature or combination of features that elicit the behaviour

Question 19

Sensitization effect

Answer 19

an increase in the vigor of elicited behaviour that may result from repeated presentations of the eliciting or from exposure to s strong extraneous stimulus

Question 20

sensitization process

Answer 20

a neural mechanism that increases the magnitude of responses elicited by a stimulus

Question 21

sensory adaptation

Answer 21

a temporary reduction in the sensitivity of sense organs caused by repeated or excessive stimulation

occurs at the sense organs

ex. blinded by a bright light temporarily

a change in the state of the afferent neuron or in the sensory organ that goes to the interneuron

Question 22

spontaneous recovery

Answer 22

return of responding to baseline levels produced by a period of rest after habituation or sensitization

Question 23

S-R system

Answer 23

the shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organs stimulated by an eliciting stimulus and the muscles involved in making the elicited response

Question 24

state system

Answer 24

neural structures that determines the general level of responsiveness, or arousal of the organism

Question 25

supernormal stimulus

Answer 25

a sign stimulus whose features have been artificially enhanced or exaggerated to produce an abnormally large MAP exaggerating the original sign stimulus provokes even more responding ex. with the beetles and the beer bottles

Question 26

Behaviour is not __________ flexible

Answer 26

infinitely

Question 27

elicited behaviour

Answer 27

occurs in response to stimuli - reflex/instinctinve behaviour that occurs in response to the environment behaviour is controlled by the stimulus! - pre existing behaviour systems - range from 3 neurons to complex emotional responses - general across all animals

Question 28

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Answer 28

basic 3 neurone reflex - doesn't involve the brain! - because of how the system is set up you don't need more neurons/the brain to be involved - even simple organisms without ability of complex thought can do these and it helps them survive - lots of medicine is formed around the workings of the neurons, ex. knee jerk response at the doctor

Question 29

What is a reflex?

Answer 29

reflexes are hard wired systems (a particular set of neurons that have a specific purpose, they are innate/built in and don't need a lot of involvement from the brain ) Reflexes are adaptive - contribute to an animals wellbeing/survival ex. eyeblink, gag, head turning in infants (touching an infants cheek causes them to turn their head, helps with suckling!)

Question 30

What are MAPs?

Answer 30

slightly more complex than general reflexes species specific instincts genetically programmed MAPs are seen for: aggression., predator avoidance, catching prey occur in subsets of animals ex. Goose egg rolling

Question 31

Web -building is an example of...

Answer 31

``` MAP web building not taught this do it from birth able to do, built in behaviour fairly complex, but not necessarily learned ```

Question 32

MAP Harring gulls example

Answer 32

harring gulls adult fees the chick chick pecks at parent peak and parent vomits up food adult has on its beak underside a bright red spot and that spot is where the chick will peck a sign stimulus the chick pecks the adult peak because they want food, but obviously this is not the real reason they peck because they will peck the pencil. Therefore its a reflex at this point! = reflexive can be maladaptive in their inflexibility*** ex. chick pecks at red branch instead of parent and starves pecked the red pencil even more than the real parent!

Question 33

MAPs Cuckoo Bird example

Answer 33

rude parasite (ex. cuckoo bird) will lay eggs in other birds nests so that the foster parent will feed and raise the bird baby cukoos are bright and have large mouths the foster parent will feed the cuckoo to the exclusion of its own young (because the cuckoo is exploiting the sign stimulus (ex. the begging call and red gaping mouth)

Question 34

Contrary to _______ beliefs, elicited behaviour is _________ fixed. Why?

Answer 34

Decartes' not Because repeated stimulation can alter the behavioural response!

Question 35

Habituation

Answer 35

decrease in response intensity with repeated stimulus presentations - example of learning, change in behaviour due to repeated exposure to stimuli - it could be detrimental if you didn't have habituation (couldn't sleep, could't eat)

Question 36

Habituation in the startle response

Answer 36

long term habituation - when stimuli are presented spaced over time - slow, stable - (not a lot of learning opportunity on a daily basis) Short term habituation - when stimuli are presented close together over time - fats, volatile

Question 37

_____ habituation tends to last longer than _____ habituation

Answer 37

long term | short term

Question 38

sensitization

Answer 38

increase in vigour of behaviour that can result from repeated presentations of a stimulus, or by arousal from extraneous stimulus

Question 39

sensitization ex. rats with background noise

Answer 39

rats with high background noise were more startled by the loud noise will startle more over time change in the reflex for the reflex to get stronger because of the background noise

Question 40

Stimulus specificity | Epstein et al. (1992)

Answer 40

Gave human subjects lemon or lime juice - measured saliva output over trials (reflex response) - measured hedonic ratings over trials results: habituation in how much they enjoyed the juice and how much they salivated. when given the other juice the reflex response goes up again (almost back to normal)

Question 41

Habituation is _______ specific

Answer 41

highly its important to only habituate to the "safe" background noises and still be startled/aroused by the new noises

Question 42

sensitization is ______ specific . Why?

Answer 42

often not want to have startle response to watch for predators (have to distinct sounds) its important to only habituate to the "safe" background noises and still be startled/aroused by the new noises

Question 43

anxiety and sensitization

Answer 43

people with anxiety disorders often have stronger startle responses PTSD startle responses will be to lots of things (even to innoculous stimuli (harmless sounds etc)).

Question 44

habituation in looking response | Bashisnki et al. (1985)

Answer 44

examined human infant visual fixation to artificial stimuli - over trials, infants fixated longer to complex rather than simple stimuli - the nature of the stimulus can either cause sensitization or habituation - something about the 12x12 stimulus is stimulating for the baby (unlike the 4x4), they want to look at it longer the second time! - initial sensitization in the response (even though they've already seen this one before) followed by habituation

Question 45

stimulus specificity and infants

Answer 45

fixation trials are the gold standard for testing infants - habituate to one target, and sensitize to the other target - used to study novelty - sensitization effect followed by habituation

Question 46

What is not habituation?

Answer 46

sensory adaptation fatigue classical conditioning

Question 47

CNS is the site of

Answer 47

habituation and sensitization

Question 48

Classical conditioning vs. Habituation

Answer 48

classical conditioning: an associative change from no response to a response Habituation: a non-associative change in reflexive responding (not creating a new response)

Question 49

when the animal has been habituated to a stimulus, and then you stop presenting the stimulus for a time and then you present the stimulus again

Answer 49

spontaneous recovery - loss of habituate after intervening time long term: habituation lasts longer, less chance of spontaneous recovery short term habituation does not last as long, and you get spontaneous recovery more often!

Question 50

Startle response in rats: dishabituation

Answer 50

rapid decay of habituation after novel stimulus present novel stimulus, after habituating the animal to a different stimulus. You see a large response to the new stimulus and to the original stimulus (a dishabituation to the origial response they go back to the original startle response) you see a large increase in the startle reopens due to the presentation of something new the novel stimulus does't need to be in the same modality as the original stimulus

Question 51

Advantages of habituation

Answer 51

allows animals to focus on important features of the environment, while ignoring features that do not provide unique or important information allows animals to conserve energy and to carry on their daily lives

Question 52

Functional habituation (seals and whales)

Answer 52

seals need to avoid killer whales in the wild tested harbour seal behaviour in response to three stimulus classes 1. familiar mammal eating whales 2. familiar fish eating whales 3. unfamiliar fish eating whales tested behaviour in response to vocalizations made by the different killer whale types reaction of seals in baseline and familiar fish eaters sounds is very similar = habituation seals have learned that these sounds mean that they won't be hunted reaction of seals is very strong and innate when hearing the mammal eaters and the unfamiliar fish eaters = seals think they'll be hunted!

Question 53

neophobia

Answer 53

fear of new things

Question 54

wildlife and neophobia

Answer 54

habituation leads to loss of fear for novel stimuli wildlife interact with us. these animals have learned that these things don't signal danger,and its not until they get tranquilized/killed that they realize its a bad thing.

Question 55

Obesity and habituation

Answer 55

suggests that it is easier for non-obese people to maintain their weight because the food loses its value as they eat it tested response to yogurt: - in the non-obese group, there is habituation of their salivary response - in the obese group there is no salivary habituation - something about the habituation in the hedonic or salivary responses to food that can lead to obesity - infer link that makes food more value/less likely to be habituated to in obese individuals

Question 56

what is it good to be plastic in behavioural responses to elicited stimuli

Answer 56

habituation and sensitization effects are end products of processes that focus behaviour to respond to important stimuli

Question 57

Dual-process theory of habituation and sensitization

Answer 57

this is an underlying (neural) process that is presumed to cause behaviours that are habituation and sensitization effects - two processes - habituation process and sensitization process these processes are not mutually exclusive end result could occur because of both these processes working against each other

Question 58

effects

Answer 58

observable behaviour

Question 59

processes

Answer 59

mechanisms underlying observable behaviour

Question 60

what effect is observed depends on the relative strength of the ________ at work

Answer 60

processes

Question 61

Habituation process occurs in the _______ system

Answer 61

S-R system - shortest neural pathway that connects the sense organ to the muscle to produce an elicited response - always activated when the eliciting stimulus is present - stimulus specific (if X happens over time the system will build up habituation)

Question 62

Sensitization process occurs in the ______ system

Answer 62

state system - neural structures that determine the general level of arousal an organism is experiencing - not always activated - not stimulus specific - ex. how afraid am I right now? - not due to any particular stimulus ex. how excited am I? ex. amygdala - bad to always be at a high state of arousal

Question 63

emotional responses and after effects

Answer 63

Biphasic - one emotion during the eliciting stimulus - opposite emotion when eliciting stimulus is terminated Change with experience

Question 64

drug tolerance

Answer 64

decline in the effectiveness of the drug with repeated exposures

Question 65

opponent process theory of motivation

Answer 65

characteristics of emotional responses - biphasic - primary becomes weaker with repeated stimulation - accompanied by strengthening after-reaction - lead to OPTM - homeostatic

Question 66

emotional changes are the net effect of

Answer 66

the primary and opponent processes of the opponent process theory

Question 67

Opponent process theory of motivation mechanisms | initial stimulus exposure

Answer 67

``` a process: happens immediately (ramps up slowly) with administration of caffeine, a process decreases as Caffeine leaves the body vigilance response (constrict of blood vessels, alertness) ``` Weak b process: wants to get the body back into a normal state (homeostatic process) dilate blood vessels

Question 68

Opponent process theory of motivation mechanisms | after repeated stimulus exposure

Answer 68

little to do with the actual effects of the drug, and has to do with the body working harder to decrease the drug's effects on the body! It's all about homeostasis! decrease in reaction to caffeine much larger opponent emotion immediately after opponent proces is exact same magnitudee of he a process the difference is that the b process is now a lot stronger and has its effects almost immediately at stimulus onset

Question 69

Why drug addiction?

Answer 69

sustain use to alleviate opponent effects that are experienced when the stimulus (the drug) is withdrawn drugs are taken to not feel bad, rather than to feel good (avoiding the bad effects)