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Biology 190 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

proton number + neutron number =

A

atomic mass number

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2
Q

atomic mass - atomic number=

A

neutrons

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3
Q

isotopes of a an element will always differ in

A

atomic mass

same number of protons different number of neutrons

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4
Q

adhesion

A

attraction of one substance to another

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5
Q

acid solutions have a pH between

A

0-7

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6
Q

donates hydrogen ions to a solution

A

acid

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7
Q

accepts hydrogen ions from a solution

A

base

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8
Q

organic molecules

A

contain Carbon

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9
Q

what is the 3-D shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?

A

a tetrahedron with carbon in the center

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10
Q

are hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

A

hydrophobic

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11
Q

which group is present in all amino acids?

A

-NH2

amino group

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12
Q

for a compound to be an amino acid it must contain what?

A

a carboxyl and amino functional group

-COOH, -NH2

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13
Q

functional groups most commonly determine

A

chemical properties such as the polarity and reactivity of certain molecules

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14
Q

what is one thing that all functional groups have in common?

A

they are all hydrophilic

therefore they all increase solubility of organic molecules in water

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15
Q

alcohols are distinguished by the presence of which functional group?

A

hydroxyl (-OH)

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16
Q

thiol

A

contains a sulfhydryl (-SH) group

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17
Q

energy is released from ATP during a hydrolysis reaction when

A

the phosphate group is removed

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18
Q

hydrolysis

A

process by which polymers are separated into monomers

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19
Q

what is the process when monomers are linked to form polymers?

A

dehydration or condensation reactions

when monomers are linked together to form a more complex polymer a water molecule is removed by dehydration reactions

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20
Q

the type of bond monomers into polymers is a _____ bond

A

covalent bond

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21
Q

carbohydrates are used in our bodies mainly for

A

energy storage and release

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22
Q

dissacharides

A

sucrose, lactose, maltose

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23
Q

a polysaccharide that is used for storing energy in human muscle and liver cells is

A

glycogen

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24
Q

peptide bonds link

A

amino acids

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25
nucleotides are joined together by which linkages?
phosphodiester
26
fatty acids are joined together by?
ester linkages
27
which linkages can not be broken down by human digestive enzymes?
glycosidic linkages
28
which has more double bonds, saturated or unsaturated triacylglycerols
unsaturated
29
tertiary structure is determined by
overall shape R-chains interact hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic R groups, iconic bonds between R groups, van der Waals interactions and disulfide bridges
30
primary structure
amino acids order
31
secondary structure
Beta sheets, alpha helices | Hydrogen bonding on backbone btwn skeletons
32
quationary structure
multiple proteins pulled together
33
how do you form polymers?
long streaks of monomers bond together by covalent bonds through a dehydration reaction
34
what are the 3 true polymers?
carbohydrates, nucleic acids and proteins
35
what are the carbohydrate monomers?
monosaccharides, multiples of CH2O
36
what are the carbohydrate polymers?
polysaccharides
37
what type of bonds do carbohydrates make?
glycosidic linkages
38
examples of a carb
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin
39
what does starch do
stores energy (plants)
40
what does glycogen do?
stores energy (animals)
41
what does cellulose do?
structural
42
what is chitin
structural (insects and fungi)
43
what is the lipid monomer?
fatty acid
44
what is the lipid polymer
triglycerol
45
what type of bonds do lipids make?
ester bonds
46
are lipids polar or non-polar? | examples of lipids
non-polar, therefore hydrophobic. | fats, steroids
47
monomer of proteins
amino acids
48
polymer of proteins
polypeptides
49
what type of bonds do proteins make?
peptide bonds
50
triglycerol has how many fatty acid tails?
2 instead of 3 w/ a phosphate group
51
phospholipid is what?
triglycerol with 2 fatty acid tails - phosphate group (hydrophilic) - fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
52
what are steroids?
cholesterol
53
as temp goes down cholesterol
increases fluidity
54
as temp goes up cholesterol
helps maintain structure
55
R-groups/ side chains
polar-oxygen non-polar - C&H acidic - negative basic - positive
56
nucleic acid monomers
nucleotide
57
nucleotide must have
phosphate group, pentose sugar, nitrogenous base
58
what are the 3 disaccharides?
maltose, sucrose and glucose
59
what type of bonds do the disaccharides have?
glycosidic linkages
60
what makes up maltose?
glucose x 2
61
what makes up sucrose
glucose + fructose
62
what makes up lactose
glucose + galactose
63
nucleic acid polymer
amino acids
64
nucleic acids linkages
phosphodiester
65
purines
2 ring Nitrogen bases (A&G)
66
pyrimidines
1 ring Nitrogen bases (T/C/U)
67
properties of hydrocarbon
hydrophobic, non-polar, good source of energy - no charge - no functional group
68
what is an ester link?
a type of covalent bond between a hydroxyl and carboxyl group
69
what are the 7 chemical groups most important in bio process?
hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl, amino, sulfuhydryl, phosphate, methyl
70
hydroxyl compound name
alcohol
71
hydroxyl structure
-OH
72
carbonyl compound name
either a ketone (in the middle) | or a aldehyde (off to the side)
73
carbonyl structure
\ C=O /
74
carboxyl compound name
carboxylic acid / organic acid
75
carboxyl structure
``` O // --C \ OH ```
76
Amino compound name
Amine
77
amino structure
``` H / --N \ H ```
78
sulfhydryl compound name
compound name Thiol
79
sulfhydryl structure
--SH
80
phosphate compound name
organic phosphate
81
phosphate structure
``` O ll --O--P--O-- l O- ```
82
methyl compound name
methylate compound
83
methyl structure
``` H l --C--H l H ```

Biology 190 (9 decks)

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