CHAPTER 2

Question 1

temperament

Answer 1

enduring characteristics we are born with, including irritability or adaptability

Question 2

humanistic perspective

Answer 2

focuses on the role of each person’s conscious life experiences and choices

Question 3

behaviorist perspective

Answer 3

focuses on environmental influences on personality, and social cognitive theory

Question 4

psychodynamic perspective

Answer 4

began with Sigmund Freud; focuses on the roles of the unconscious and biology

Question 5

unconscious

Answer 5

feelings, memories, thoughts, and urges that cannot be easily brought into consciousness

Question 6

preconscious

Answer 6

resides just beneath the surface of awareness

Question 7

conscious

Answer 7

makes contact with the outside world

Question 8

ego

Answer 8

mostly conscious; rational and logical; works on reality principle

Question 9

superego

Answer 9

moral center of personality; contains the conscience; puts restrictions on how the id’s demands can be met

Question 10

id

Answer 10

most primitive part; completely unconscious; pleasure-seeking; amoral; exists at birth; contains all biological drives; works on pleasure principle

Question 11

compensation / substitution

Answer 11

becoming superior in some areas to make up for lacking in others

Question 12

denial

Answer 12

refusal to acknowledge a situation

Question 13

projection

Answer 13

placing one’s own unacceptable thoughts onto others

Question 14

repression

Answer 14

pushing events or situations out of conscious memory

Question 15

identification

Answer 15

acting like someone else to deal with anxiety

Question 16

displacement

Answer 16

expressing feelings onto a less threatening substitute

Question 17

reaction formation

Answer 17

forming a response that is the opposite of one’s unacceptable actual thoughts

Question 18

rationalization

Answer 18

making up acceptable excuses for unacceptable behaviors

Question 19

sublimation

Answer 19

turning socially unacceptable urges into acceptable behaviors

Question 20

regression

Answer 20

coping with stress by reverting to childlike patterns

Question 21

Conflicts that are not resolved can become

Answer 21

fixations

Question 22

oral stage (0-18 months)

Answer 22

mouth; conflict over weaning; associated with overeating or drinking, chain smoking, talking too much, gum chewing, dependence/optimism or aggression/pessimism

Question 23

anal stage (18-36 months)

Answer 23

anus; conflict over toilet training; associated with anal expulsive or anal retentive personalities

Question 24

phallic stage (3-6 years)

Answer 24

phallus; conflict over sexual feelings of the child; associated with Oedipus/Electra complex, castration anxiety and penis envy

Question 25

latency stage (6 years to puberty)

Answer 25

associated with hidden sexual feelings

Question 26

genital stage (puberty on)

Answer 26

entry into adult social and sexual behavior

Question 27

neo Freudians put more focus on the workings of the unconscious mind, the development of the personality, and the therapy based, which is called?

Answer 27

Psychoanalysis

Question 28

the collective unconscious contains universal human memories called

Answer 28

archetypes

Question 29

Alfred Adler believed what affected a child's personality

Answer 29

birth order

Question 30

Karen Horney suggested that there was a male equivalent to penis envy known as

Answer 30

womb envy

Question 31

Horney argued that Children with poor upbringings would develop what type of personality?

Answer 31

NEUROTIC

Question 32

which theories are less concerned with the explanation of personality development and changing personality than they are with describing and predicting behavior based on that description?

Answer 32

trait theories

Question 33

what do Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers have in common

Answer 33

they believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny

Question 34

what are the big 5 personality traits

Answer 34

openness, conscientious, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness and extraversion

Question 35

which researcher would likely attribute antisocial behaviors with a neurotic personality, stemming from basic anxiety ?

Answer 35

karen horney

Question 36

Extraversion

Answer 36

dimension of personality referring to one’s need to be with other people

Question 37

extroverts

Answer 37

people who are outgoing and sociable.

Question 38

Neo-Freudism

Answer 38

were followers of Freud who developed their own competing theories of psychoanalysis.

Question 39

Carl Jung

Answer 39

developed a theory of a collective unconscious

Question 40

erik erikson

Answer 40

developed a theory based on social rather than sexual relationships, covering the entire life span.

Question 41

halo effect

Answer 41

is the tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessments of the client’s behavior and statements.

Question 42

Projective Tests

Answer 42

are personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.