chapter 2 Flashcards
(104 cards)
1
Q
prosencephalon
A
forebrain
2
Q
mesencephalon
A
midbrain
3
Q
rhombencephalon
A
hindbrain
4
Q
divisions of prosencephalon
A
telencephalon + diencephalon
5
Q
divisions of mesencephalon
A
mesencephalon + metencephalon
6
Q
divisions of rhombencephalon
A
metencephalon + myelencephalon
7
Q
telencephalon
A
cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (corex, white matter, basal nuclei)
8
Q
diencephalon
A
diencephalon ( thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus), retina
9
Q
mesencephalon
A
brain stem: midbrain
10
Q
metencephalon
A
brain stem: pons + cerebellum
11
Q
myelencephalon
A
brain stem: medulla oblongata
12
Q
nervous system components
A
Central Nervous System
Peripheral nervous system
13
Q
CNS sturcture
A
consists of the brain and spinal cord
14
Q
PNS structure
A
consists of sensory and motor nerves that are connected to the spinal cord
15
Q
When in embroyinc development are the secitons of the brain first developed
A
4-5 weeks
16
Q
How many lobes are there?
A
Primarily four (one secondary)
17
Q
Which lobes are paired?
A
temporal and pariental
18
Q
Secondary Lobe
A
Insular (lymbic; not universally accepted)
19
Q
Primary Lobes
A
Frontal, Occipital, Parietal, Temporal
20
Q
Major Sulci/Fissures on the dorsolateral surface
A
Central sulcus (fissure of Rolando) Lateral Fissure (sylvian Fissure) Parieto-Occipital Sulcus
21
Q
longitudinal Fissure
A
Begins at the beginning of the brain (front and goes all the way down to the occipital lobe;
22
Q
central sulcus (fissure of rolando)
A
Runs from one hemisphere to another hemisphere; separates frontal lobe from the parietal lobe; separates primary motor context from primary sensory cortex
23
Q
lateral fissure (sylvian fissure)
A
separates frontal lobe from the temporal;
24
Q
parieto-occipital sulcus
A
separates the parietal from the occipital
25
cerebellum
helps provide smooth, coordinated body movement; involved in maintenance of equilibrium and coordinated motor movements; helps muscles involved in speech and all muscle movement
26
lesion in the cerebellum
tremor, pausity (slowness), ataxia, impaired equilibrium
27
peduncle meaning
bridge
28
What sources
incoming comes through two peduncles output goes through the superior
29
spinal cord
transmission link between the body and the brain; a directional pathway; transmits efferent and afferent information. 16-18 inches long. wrapped in three protective layers (pia, arachnoid, dura) matter
30
Three layers of the spinal cord
pia matter, arachnoid matter, dura matter
31
grey matter
butterfly shape-contains all the spinal nerves- has two dorsal ad two ventral horns. Dorsal horns- sensory; Ventral horns-motor
32
white matter
surrounds grey matter- all ascending and descending tracts
33
The Ventricular System
The Ventricular System is a set of four interconnected cavities (ventricles) in the brain, where the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced.
34
4 VENTRICLES
2 lateral- 3rd ventricles and 4th ventricles
35
Ventricle connections
Lateral Ventricles connected through the intraventricular foramen. The lateral ventricles are connected to the 3rd. The 3rd is connected to the 4th. The cerebral aqueduct connects to the 3rd and 4th ventricle.
36
Ventricle connections
Lateral Ventricles connected through the intraventricular foramen to the 3rd. The 3rd is connected to the 4th. The cerebral aqueduct connects to the 3rd and 4th ventricle.
37
The roof of the lateral ventricles is formed by what?
corpus collosum
38
What is the floor of the lateral ventricle?
superior of the thalmus
39
hydrocephalus
either a build up of fluid because it's not circulating properly or primarily by some sort of blockage
40
dura matter
very dense; provides the maximum protection; attached to the inner surface of the skull
41
arachnoid matter
very spider like, fibrous, very thin; not vascular; sits between the dura and pia-
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epidural space
space between dura matter and the bone
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subdural space
subdural space is between dura matter and the archnoiid matter
44
where does CSF travel through
sub arachnoid space
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hematoma
bleeding into subdural space
46
Where is an epidural injected?
epidural space
47
PNS function
communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body
48
CNS function
- Integrative and control centers
49
Sensory (afferent) nerve division structure
Somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers
50
Sensory (afferent) nerve division function
Conducts impulses from receptors to CNS
51
Motor (efferent) nerve division function
Conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)
52
Motor (efferent) nerve division structure
Motor nerve fibers
53
Divisions of the motor nerves
autonomic nervous (ANS) and somatic nervous system (SNS)
54
Autonomic nervous system function
Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
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Autonomic nervous system structure
Visceral Motor (involuntary)
56
Somatic Nervous System function
Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
57
Somatic Nervous System Structure
Somatic Motor (voluntary)
58
What cuts the brain into right and left hemispheres?
The Longitudinal Fissure (Also called the Interhemispheric Fissure)
59
What cuts the brain in half (front to back)?
The Central Sulcus (Also called the Fissure of Rolando)
60
What divides the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?
The lateral fissure (The slyvian fissure)
61
What divides the parietal and occipital lobes?
The parieto-occipital sulcus
62
What is the largest lobe?
The frontal lobe?
63
What are important gyri in the frontal lobe?
The precentral gyrus, the superior (first) frontal gyrus, middle (second) frontal gyrus, inferior (third) frontal gyrus
64
What is the contrecoup effect?
The contrecoup effect moves the brain back and forth during an accident.
65
What part of the brain is probably most commonly affected in TBI?
In TBI you see a lot of frontal lob damage (prefrontal cortex); most head injuries are usually force to the front of the head.
66
Precentral Gyrus
The precentral gyrus (a.k.a. motor strip) is a prominent structure on the surface of the posterior frontal lobe. It is the site of the primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4).
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Superior Frontal Gyrus
The superior frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus, is more of a region in the frontal gyrus than a true gyrus.'
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Inferior Frontal Gyrus
sits in the dominant hemisphere and makes up our language cortex
69
The Middle Frontal Gyrus
The superior frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus, is more of a region in the frontal gyrus than a true gyrus.
70
The Postcentral gyrus
The postcentral gyrus is a prominent gyrus in the lateral parietal lobe of the human brain. It is the location of the primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch.
71
Broca's area location
a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere (usually the left) of the hominid brain[1
72
Broca's area function
Functions linked to speech production. Linked to non-fluent aphasia
73
Wernicke's area location
located in the temporal lobe on the left side of the brain
74
Wernicke's area function
responsible for the comprehension of speech (Broca's area is related to the production of speech).
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The premotor area
The premotor cortex is an area of motor cortex lying within the frontal lobe of the brain just anterior to the primary motor cortex.
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The primary motor area
The primary motor cortex (Brodmann area 4) is a brain region that in humans is located in the dorsal portion of the frontal lobe. It is the primary region of the motor system and works in association with other motor areas including premotor cortex, the supplementary motor area, posterior parietal cortex, and several subcortical brain regions, to plan and execute movements.
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The primary somesthetic (sensory) area
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus, and is part of the somatosensory system
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The parietal lobe
The parietal lobes can be divided into two functional regions. One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system. The first function integrates sensory information to form a single perception (cognition). The second function constructs a spatial coordinate system to represent the world around us. Individuals with damage to the parietal lobes often show striking deficits, such as abnormalities in body image and spatial relations.
79
The temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is located beneath the lateral fissure on both cerebral hemispheres of the mammalian brain.[3]
The temporal lobe is involved in processing sensory input into derived meanings for the appropriate retention of visual memory, language comprehension, and emotion association.
80
superior temporal gyrus
The superior temporal gyrus is one of three (sometimes two) gyri in the temporal lobe of the human brain, which is located laterally to the head, situated somewhat above the external ear.
81
middle temporal gyrus
It is located between the superior temporal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus
82
inferior temporal gyrus
The inferior temporal gyrus is placed below the middle temporal gyrus, and is connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of complex object features, such as global shape. It may also be involved in face perception, and in the recognition of numbers.
83
important structures located at the superior temporal gyrus
the primary auditory cortex, the cortical region (responsible for the sensation of sound)
Wernicke's area, the primary auditory cortex, which is responsible for (processing sounds)
84
HESCHL GYRI (location)
The transverse temporal gyri (also called Heschl's gyri or Heschl's convolutions) are found in the area of primary auditory cortex buried within the lateral sulcus of the human brain,
85
The occipital lobe
Contains the primary and secondary visual cortical areas
86
Insular Lobes structure
n each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex (often called insula, or insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes).
87
Insular Lobes function
The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience.
88
Insular/limbic lobe
Insular cortex also called the isle of Reil, is concealed within the depths of
The lateral fissure
Related to limbic and sensorimotor functions
89
Limbic Lobe
Limbic lobe older parts of the brain
Emotional drive to visceral and vegetative functions
Instinctual reflexes and drives such as feelings, feeding, fighting, mating behaviors, aggression, anxiety and fear
90
The four parts of the corpus callosum
Rostrum
Genu
Body
Splenium
91
Rostrum
The genu is prolonged backward under the name of the rostrum, and is connected below with the lamina terminalis, which stretches from the interventricular foramen to the recess at the base of the optic stalk.
92
Genu
The anterior end of the corpus callosum is named the genu, and is bent downward and backward in front of the septum pellucidum; diminishing rapidly in thickness,
93
Body
also called trunk (center of corpus callosum)
94
Splenium
The posterior end of the corpus callosum is the thickest part, and is termed the splenium (Greek splenion = a bandage).
95
Corpus Callosum
It connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres and facilitates interhemispheric communication. It is the largest white matter structure in the brain
96
basal ganglia structure
Basal ganglia nuclei are strongly interconnected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem, as well as several other brain areas.
97
basal ganglia function
The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions including: control of voluntary motor movements, procedural learning, routine behaviors or "habits" such as teeth grinding, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.
98
Thalamus
the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex,and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness.
99
Hypothalamus
Relay sensorimotor information to the cortex and contributes to cortically mediated speech and language functions
100
brainstem
Connects the diencephalon to the spinal cord
101
components of the brain stem
the midbrain, the pons, and the oblongata
102
brainstrem colliculi
inferior and superior- compromise the tectum, the dorsal covering of the cerebral aqueduct (within the midbrain, within the brainstem)
103
inferior colliculus
The inferior colliculus, is the principal midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway and receives input from several peripheral brainstem nuclei, as well as inputs from the auditory cortex
104
superior colliculus
Superior to the inferior colliculus, the superior colliculus marks the rostral midbrain. It is involved in the special sense of vision and sends its superior brachium to the lateral geniculate body of the diencephalon.
