Chapter 7

Question 1

Nerve Cells depend on…

Answer 1

Nerve cells depend on an uninterrupted supply of oxygenated blood

Question 2

How much blood on average is pumped to the brain per minute?

Answer 2

An average of 750 mL of blood is pumped to the brain per minute

Question 3

How long can vascular interruption occur before damage is irreversible?

Answer 3

Vascular interruption for 4-6 minutes results in irreversible brain damage

Question 4

What two arterial systems provide blood to the brain?

Answer 4

Carotid (Anterior)
Vertebral basilar (Posterior)

These two arterial systems join at the circle of Willis at the base of the brain

Question 5

What arteries are included in the anterior blood supply network?

Answer 5

internal carotid arteries, Anterior cerebral artery (ACA), Middle Cerebral Artery (MCA)

Question 6

What arteries are included in the posterior blood supply network?

Answer 6

Basilar artery, Vertebral arteries

Question 7

Vertebral Basilar System

Answer 7

Two vertebral arteries
Merge to form basilar artery
Vertebral arteries gives rise to three major arteries

Question 8

What three major arteries rise from the vertebral arteries?

Answer 8

Posterior spinal
Anterior spinal
Posterior inferior cerebellar

remaining branches serve the spinal cord.

Question 9

What does occlusion of the anterior spinal artery result in?

Answer 9

Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery results in alternating hemiplegia which is associated with ipsilateral paralysis of the face and tongue as well as contralateral paralysis of the extremities

Question 10

Which vertebral artery supplies a large part of the cerebellum?

Answer 10

Posterior cerebellar supplies a large part of the cerebellum

Question 11

Immediately after its formation the basilar artery gives rise to

Answer 11

Anterior cerebellar

Inferior cerebellar

Question 12

The basilar artery serves…

Answer 12

Serves anterior and lateral surfaces of the cerebellum

Question 13

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery branches into

Answer 13

Branches into the labyrinthine (internal auditory) artery

Question 14

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery delivers…

Answer 14

Delivers blood to the inner ear

Question 15

Damage to the Anterior inferior cerebellar results in….

Answer 15

Damage results in ipsilateral deafness 
Vestibular dysfunctions (vertigo) and the tendency to fall on the affected side

Question 16

What is immediately prior to the circle of willis?

Answer 16

Basilar Artery (joining the posterior (and superior?) cerebral artery)

Question 17

What does the basilar artery serve?

Answer 17

Serves the cerebellum

Question 18

Damage to the basilar artery causes what?

Answer 18

Damage causes motor incoordination, impaired balance and dysarthria

Question 19

What causes alternating hemiplegia? Give examples.

Answer 19

Occlusion of the anterior spinal artery branches

Ipsilateral paralysis of the face and tongue
Contralateral paralysis of the extremities

Question 20

What connects the two systems?

Answer 20

Circle of Willis

Question 21

What are the Cortical arteries?

Answer 21

Anterior cerebral artery
Middle cerebral artery
Posterior cerebral artery

Question 22

Anterior cerebral artery location

Answer 22

Connects both anterior cerebral arteries, within and along the floor of the cerebral vault. If you follow the artery it follows along the genu of the corpus collosum.

Question 23

Anterior cerebral artery function

Answer 23

Anterior communicating artery: Supplies the surfaces of the prefrontal and the frontal lobe, and some of the parietal lobe.

Question 24

Anterior cerebral artery clinical coorelates

Answer 24

Sensory loss, Paralysis in the legs, feet, and toes, Prefrontal lobe symptoms including disorders of thinking, reasoning, self monitoring, memory and planning, Impaired judgment ,Reduced concentration, Impaired executive functioning, Acquired sociopathic behavior

Question 25

Middle cerebral artery structure

Answer 25

Direct continuation of the internal carotid | Divides into temporal, frontal, and parietal branches.

Question 26

Middle cerebral artery function

Answer 26

Supplies blood to the entire lateral surface of the brain, Speech, language, sensory motor, motor cortex, broca’s area, Wernicke’s area. Also serves some of the basal ganglia and the thalamus.

Question 27

Middle cerebral artery clinical coorelates

Answer 27

``` Contralateral hemiplegia Tactile agnosia Discriminative touch Reduced pain an temperature Aphasia Homonymous heminaposia Reading and writing deficits ```

Question 28

Posterior cerebral artery

Answer 28

Bifurcation of the basilar artery Supplies blood to the temporal lobe, occipital lobe, primary visual cortex Also called the posterior communicating artery

Question 29

Posterior cerebral artery clinical coorelates

Answer 29

Homonymous hemianopsia Total blindness Visual agnosia Memory impairments

Question 30

Central arteries

Answer 30

``` anteromedial, Medial striate Anterior choroidal Posterior choroidal Posteromedial posterolateral ```

Question 31

Vascular pathology

Answer 31

Cerebrovascular accidents (CVA, Stroke) Occlusive vascular (Thrombosis, Embolism) Hemorrhagic (Aneurysm, Arteriovenous malformations)

Question 32

What frequently causes neurological deficits and (adult) disabilities?

Answer 32

Vascular pathology of the brain are the most frequent causes of neurological deficits and adult disabilities . Ranked as the third most common cause of death after cancer an heart disease

Question 33

thrombosis

Answer 33

Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system.

Question 34

embolism

Answer 34

An embolism is the lodging of an embolus, a blockage-causing piece of material, inside a blood vessel. The embolus may be a blood clot (thrombus), a fat globule, a bubble of air or other gas (gas embolism), or foreign material. An embolism can cause partial or total blockage of blood flow in the affected vessel.

Question 35

TIA

Answer 35

A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is a transient episode of neurologic dysfunction caused by ischemia (loss of blood flow) – either focal brain, spinal cord, or retinal – without acute infarction (tissue death). TIAs have the same underlying cause as strokes: a disruption of cerebral blood flow (CBF), and are often referred to as mini-strokes

Question 36

CVA

Answer 36

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), cerebrovascular insult (CVI), brain attack; a stroke

Question 37

hemorrhage

Answer 37

A brain hemorrhage is a type of stroke. It's caused by an artery in the brain bursting and causing localized bleeding in the surrounding tissues. This bleeding kills brain cells. The Greek root for blood is hemo. Hemorrhage literally means "blood bursting forth." Brain hemorrhages are also called cerebral hemorrhages, intracranial hemorrhages, or intracerebral hemorrhages. They account for about 13% of strokes.

Question 38

Risk factors for embolism

Answer 38

Risk factors- hypertension!!! Heart disease, diabetes, high cholesterol, smoking, obesity, eating habits, physical inactivity, - can be treated with blood thinners

Question 39

aneurysm

Answer 39

An aneurysm is a localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel.

Question 40

Types of aneurysm

Answer 40

``` Aneurysms can also be classified by their macroscopic shape and size, and are described as either saccular or fusiform. Saccular aneurysms are spherical in shape and involve only a portion of the vessel wall; Fusiform aneurysms ("spindle-shaped" aneurysms) are variable in both their diameter and length; ```

Question 41

arteriovenous malformation

Answer 41

Normally, arteries carry blood containing oxygen from the heart to the brain, and veins carry blood with less oxygen away from the brain and back to the heart. When an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) occurs, a tangle of blood vessels in the brain or on its surface bypasses normal brain tissue and directly diverts blood from the arteries to the veins.