Chapter 2 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Nervous System (3)
A
- Central Nervous System
- Peripheral Nervous System
- Autonomic Nervous System
2
Q
Central Nervous System consists of
A
Brain and Spinal Cord
3
Q
Peripheral Nervous System consists of..(3)
A
Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, Autonomic Nervous System
4
Q
Autonomic Nervous System consists of…
A
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic System
5
Q
The brain is protected by
A
The skull
6
Q
The spinal cord is protected by
A
The spinal column
7
Q
The brain and spinal cord are both protected by
A
The meninges
8
Q
Three membranous layers under the bony covering
A
Meninges
9
Q
Meninges of the Brain (3)
A
- Dura Matter
- Arachnoid Matter
- Pia Matter
(DAP)
10
Q
Dura Matter
A
Attached to the skull
11
Q
Arachnoid Matter
A
Purple, spider webby
12
Q
Pia Matter
A
Bottom level, attached directly to brain or spinal cord
13
Q
-Left and Right Hemispheres
A
Cerebrum
14
Q
Connected by Corpus Callosum (allows two hemispheres to communicate)
A
Cerebrum
15
Q
Each hemisphere= 4 lobes (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital)
A
Cerebrum
16
Q
Gyri, Sulci, and Fissures
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Cerebrum
17
Q
Gyri
A
Bumps
18
Q
Sulci
A
Grooves
19
Q
Fissures
A
Deep sulcus
20
Q
Four Lobes of the Brain
A
- Frontal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
21
Q
Primary motor area
A
Frontal Lobe
22
Q
Frontal Lobe plays a role in…(5)
MEJPS
A
- Motor Planning
- Emotional Control
- Judgement
- Problem solving
- Socialization
23
Q
Broca’s Area is found here
A
Frontal Lobe
24
Q
Primary Sensory Area
A
Parietal Lobe
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Parietal Lobe plays a role in...(3)
1. Pain
2. Temperature
3. Touch
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Primary Auditory Area
Temporal Lobe
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Temporal Lobe plays a role in...(1)
1. Processing sound
28
Wernicke's Area is located here
Temporal Lobe
29
Primary Visual Area
Occipital Lobe
30
Occipital Lobe is not involved in...(2)
1. Speech
| 2. Language
31
For most people, language Area of the brain is located in the....
Left hemisphere
32
Right side dominance for language
5% of righties, 19% of lefties
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Location of Cerebellum
Below and to the back of the cerebrum
34
Cerebellum plays a role in..(3)
1. Motor Coordination
2. Balance
3. Movement
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Cerebellum is found to be related to...(2)
1. Autism
| 2. Stuttering
36
*Most primitive part of the brain*
Brain stem
37
Brain stem controls...(2)
1. Breathing
| 2. Heart rate
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Pathway for motor and sensory nerves carrying information to and from the Brain
Brian stem
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Pathways cross over in the
Brain stem
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Extension of the brain stem
Spinal Cord
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Pathways for neural information
Spinal cord
42
Spinal cord is protected by..(2)
1. Meninges
| 2. Spinal Column
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Originate in the brain stem and exit at the base of the skull
Cranial nerves
44
How many pairs of cranial nerves
12 pairs
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Transmit smell, vision, hearing, and taste information to the brain
Cranial Nerves
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Transmit motor signals to control voluntary movement of eyes, mouth, lips, tongue, and larynx
Cranial Nerves
47
How many pairs of spinal Nerves
31 pairs
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Originate in the spinal cord, exit at various points along the spinal cord
Spinal nerves
49
Carry motor and sensory information from the rest of the body
Spinal nerves
50
Speech-Language Areas of the Brain (3)
1. Wernickes Area
2. Brocas Area
3. Motor Cortex
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Location of Wernickes Area
Temporal Lobe
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Function of Wernickes Area
Comprehension and formulation of language
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Location of Brocas Area
Frontal Lobe
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Function of Brocas Area
Motor planning of speech
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Motor Cortex Location
Most posterior portion of frontal lobe, behind Broca's
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Motor Cortex function
Contains nerve centers that execute motor movements
57
What protects the brain?
The skull
58
What protects the spinal cord?
The spinal column
59
What are the meninges? List them all from brain to skull
Three membranous layers under the bony covering.
Dura Matter--> Arachnoid Matter--> Pia Matter
60
Which later is web-like?
Arachnoid Matter
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How many hemispheres are there in the cerebrum?
2 hemispheres (left & right)
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How many lobes are there in the cerebrum?
4 lobes.
Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital
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Which Lobe is mostly responsible for vision?
Occipital Lobe
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Which Lobe is mostly responsible for touch and sensation?
Parietal Lobe
65
Which lobe is mostly responsible for motor control?
Frontal Lobe
66
Which Lobe is mostly responsible for cognition?
Frontal Lobe
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Which Lobe is mostly responsible for auditory information?
Temporal Lobe
68
What part of the brain controls breathing and heart rate?
Medulla
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How does motor and sensory information travel from the brain to the body?
With nerve fibers. Travels through the brainstem. Goes to muscles from brain or from body part to brain.
70
Are the cranial nerves and spinal nerves part of the CNS or PNS?
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
71
The spinal nerves carry motor and sensory information to what parts of the body?
Between the spinal cord and the body
72
Respiration
The Respiratory System
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Phonation
The Laryngeal System
74
Articulation
The Articulatory System
75
Resonation
Resonating Cavities
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Primary Function of respiratory system
Exchange oxygen for carbon dioxide in the lungs to sustain life
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Secondary function of respiratory system
Produce the power source (energy) for speech
78
Location of Respiratory System
Thorax (chest cavity)
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Protective system of Respiratory System
Spinal column (back)
Ribs (sides)
Sternum (front)
80
Main structures of Respiratory System (3)
1. Diaphragm
2. Lungs
3. Trachea
81
Diaphragm
- dome-shaped (umbrella-like) muscle
- sits under the lungs
- separates thorax
82
Lungs
-Trachea descends and divides into:
2 bronchi which enter the right and left lungs. These further divides into Bronchioles and Alveoli
-lungs and spongy, elastic material; covered by moist, pleural sac
-pleural sac bind lung to rib cage, diaphragm with friction free surface
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Energy=Pressure x Volume
Boyle's Law
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Energy in the thorax is constant
Boyle's Law
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Pressure and volume are inversely related
Boyle's Law
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Increasing volume decreases pressure
Boyle's Law
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Decreasing volume increases pressure
Boyle's Law
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Respiration Step 1
-Diaphragm contracts flattens (volume increases so pressure decreases)
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Inhalation occurring during step 1 of respiration
- Airway open
- Pressure dropping within thoracic cavity
- Air pressure outside is higher
- Air rushes in
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Exhalation occurring after Step 2
- Airway open
- Internal lung pressure high
- External pressure low
- Air rushes out
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Quiet Breathing (breathing for life) in adults
17-22 breathes per minutes
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Tidal Volume
The amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs during quiet breathing
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Quiet Breathing (3)
- Unimpeded movement of air allows maximum exchange of CO2 for O2
- Uses 10-15% of vital capacity
- Equal time: inhalation and exhalation
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Vital Capacity
The amount of air the lungs can hold following the max inhalation and max exhalation
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Restricted movement of air flow at vocal folds and in the oral cavity to produce voice and sounds
Breathing for speech
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Vital Capacity formula
IRV + TV + ERV = Vital Capacity
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Larynx Cartilages (3)
1. Thyroid Cartilage
2. Cricoid Cartilage
3. Arytenoid Cartilages (paired)
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Thyroid Cartilage (3)
- Largest structure in larynx
- Anterior prominence "Adams apple"
- Protects vocal folds/ vocal folds attach
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Cricoid Cartilage (2)
- Topmost tracheal ring; just below thyroid
| - Shaped like a class ring; larger in back
100
Arytenoid Cartilages (3)
- Sit atop cricold; opposite thyroid
- Pyramidal; rocking action
- Vocal folds attach
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Laryngeal Muscles (3)
- Abductor
- Adductor
- Vocal Folds
102
Abductor
Opening
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Adductor
Closing
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Vocal Folds
Paired.
- Attached to the thyroid
- Span across the top of cricoid cartilage
- Attached at arytenoid cartilages
- When open: glottis
105
Bernoulli Principle
Used to explain how vocal folds open and close for foliation
106
As the speed of a moving fluid increases, the pressure associated with this movement will decrease
Bernoulli Principle
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*Which theory explains how vocal folds open and close for foliation?*
Bernoulli Principle
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Myoelastic
Aerodynamic Theory
109
Laryngeal Tone
Produced during rapid vibration of vocal folds
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The source of sound for speech production
Laryngeal Tone
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Children's vibratory rate for laryngeal tone
400 times per second
112
Adult females vibratory rate for laryngeal tone
225 times per second
113
Adult males vibratory rate for laryngeal tone
125 times per second
114
Vibratory rate is based on:
Length and thickness (variable)
115
Biological Function of Articulatory System (3)
1. Mastication (chewing)
2. Deglutition (swallowing)
3. Disease prevention (tonsils/adenoids)
116
Speech Function of Articulatory System
To produce speech sounds (phonemes)
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Articulatory Structure
Vocal Tract
| -Begins above vocal folds; ends at lips and nose
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Three Cavities of Articulatory Structure
1. Pharyngeal Cavity (throat)
2. Oral Cavity (mouth)
3. Nasal Cavity (nose)
119
Pharyngeal Cavity (3)
- Begins above vocal folds
- Ends at back of oral and nasal cavities
- Contains tonsils/adenoids (helps protect you from infection by trapping germs coming in through your mouth and nose)
120
Oral Cavity (1)
-Begins where pharyngeal cavity ends; ends at the lips
121
Structures of Oral Cavity (7)
1. Tongue
2. Alveoloar Ridge
3. Hard Palate
4. Soft Palate (Velum)
5. Mandible (Jaw)
6. Teeth
7. Lips
122
Nasal Cavity
Begins where pharyngeal cavity ends: ends at openings of the nose (nares)
123
Resonance
The tendency for cavities to enhance certain sounds rather than others. Determined by shape and size
Ex: Tuba vs. Piccolo
124
The nasal cavity can be uncoupled (separated from) the oral and pharyngeal cavities by:
raising the Velum
125
The nasal cavity can be uncoupled (separated from) the nasal and pharyngeal cavities by:
raising the back of the Tongue
126
T or F: There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
True
127
T or F: The cerebellum is located below and to the back of the cerebrum
True
128
T or F: The left and right hemisphere are connected by the corpus callosum
True
129
T or F: The function of Wenicke's area is motor planning of speech
False
130
T or F: The cerebellum controls breathing and heart rate
False
131
T or F: The right hemisphere of the brain is most dominant for language
False
132
T or F: The cerebrum is the most primitive part of the brain
False
133
T or F: The central nervous system consists of the brain and the spinal cord
True
134
T or F: The brain is the only part of the neuroanatomy covered by meninges
False
135
The process of inhalation is initiated (begun) by
lowering the diaphragm.
136
To produce a voiced sound, a speaker must close his vocal folds. What is the process of closing the vocal folds called?
Adduction
137
Lowering the diaphragm during breathing, immediately results in?
Increased chest volume
138
I am the largest laryngeal cartilage and the vocal folds attach to me.
thyroid cartilage
139
Damage in the ____ lobe results in language difficulties.
temporal
140
Which of the lobes of the brain is associated with vision?
Occipital
141
The Adam’s apple is associated with
the thyroid cartilage
142
Another name for the soft palate is?
Velum
143
T or F: The central nervous system is comprised of the spinal and cranial nerves.
False
144
Which of the lobes is considered the primary sensory area?
Parietal
145
The ____ cavity begins at the vocal folds and ends behind the mouth and nose.
Pharyngeal
146
The ____ cavity begins at the opening of the nose and ends in the back at the pharyngeal cavity.
Nasal
147
The ____ cavity begins at the lips and ends at the back of the mouth.
Oral
148
The ____ system protects and prepares our bodies for any situation, while the ____ system returns our body to a state of equilibrium.
Sympathetic, parasympathetic
149
Where in the brain would you find the primary motor area?
Frontal lobe
150
T or F: Efferent signals are motor signals that exit the brain while afferent signals are sensory signals that arrive to the brain.
True
151
The vocal folds attach to which of the following cartilage(s)?
arytenoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage
