Chapter 3a

Question 1

A shared system of symbols that can be spoken, written, or signed and used for communication and thought

Answer 1

Language

Question 2

Our ability to relate meaning to the human voice; the oral expression of language

Answer 2

Speech

Question 3

The smallest unit of sounds that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds within the word

Answer 3

Phoneme

Question 4

Variations in production of the same phoneme

Answer 4

Allophones

Question 5

When we WRITE, we use

Answer 5

26 graphemes (letters)- consonants and vowels

Question 6

When we SPEAK, we use about

Answer 6

40 phonemes (sounds)- consonants and vowels

Question 7

We use the Tradition Alphabet to

Answer 7

write words

Question 8

We use the International Phonetic Alphabet to

Answer 8

transcribe speech

Question 9

Consonants include (3)

Answer 9

1. Place
2. Manner
3. Voicing

Question 10

WHERE sounds are produced in the vocal tract- the location of the constriction

Answer 10

Place

Question 11

HOW sounds are produced in the vocal tract- the type of constriction and how the breath stream is managed

Answer 11

Manner

Question 12

Presence of absence of vocal fold vibration

Answer 12

Voicing

Question 13

Vowels include (2)

Answer 13

1. Tongue Height (high, mid, low)

2. Tongue Position (front, central, back)

Question 14

Place (7)

Answer 14

1. Bilabial Sounds
2. Labiodental
3. Linguadental
4. Lingua-alveolar
5. Lingua-palatal
6. Lingua-velar
7. Glottal

Question 15

Bilabial Sounds

Answer 15

• Two lips

- sounds p, b, m, w

Question 16

Labiodental

Answer 16

• lips and teeth

- sounds f, v

Question 17

Linguadental

Answer 17

• tongue and teeth

- sounds both TH (+V) and (-v)

Question 18

Lingua-alveolar

Answer 18

• tongue and alveolar ridge

- sounds t, d, s, z, n, l

Question 19

Lingua-palatal

Answer 19

• tongue against hard palate

- sounds sh, zh, ch, j, y, r

Question 20

Lingua-velar

Answer 20

• back of tongue to soft palate (velum)

- sounds k, g, ng

Question 21

Glottal

Answer 21

• forcing air through vocal folds

- sounds h

Question 22

Manner (6)

Answer 22

1. Stops
2. Fricatives
3. Affricates
4. Glides
5. Liquids
6. Nasals

Question 23

Stops

Answer 23

completely block off vocal tract; build up air pressure; below the vocal folds apart
p, b, t, d, k, g

Question 24

Fricatives

Answer 24

Use tongue to create constriction; force air through it

f, v, s, z, sh, zh, th (+v), th (-v), h

Question 25

Affricates

Answer 25

Begin as a stop; ends as a fricative | ch, j

Question 26

Glides

Answer 26

Gradually change the shape of the vocal tract, moving from one vowel to another to produce a consonant w, y

Question 27

Liquids

Answer 27

Creating a partial closure that air must travel around

Question 28

tongue up in center, air travels around the sides (l)

Answer 28

Lateral

Question 29

tongue in a variety of positions, air flows over and around (r)

Answer 29

Rhotic

Question 30

Nasals

Answer 30

Open velopharygeal port; oral cavity closed off | m, n, ng

Question 31

All vowels are

Answer 31

VOICED

Question 32

Pairs of consonants that share the same place and manner of production; differ only in voicing

Answer 32

Cognate Pairs

Question 33

T or F: All vowels are voiceless

Answer 33

False- all vowels are voiced

Question 34

Monophthongs

Answer 34

Vowels produced in one position. No movement

Question 35

Vowels produced while changing the vocal tract, moving from one vowel to another

Answer 35

Dipthongs

Question 36

Newborns make

Answer 36

vegetative sounds

Question 37

Occur secondary to activities for sustaining life- chewing, burping, yawning, swallowing

Answer 37

Vegetative Sounds

Question 38

Vegetative sounds also known as

Answer 38

Reflexive Sounds

Question 39

0-2 months

Answer 39

Cooling

Question 40

Cooling

Answer 40

Growling, yelling, squealing. Expressing pressure

Question 41

7-12 months

Answer 41

Babbling

Question 42

Babbling consists of (3)

Answer 42

1. Reduplicated 2. Variegated 3. Jargon

Question 43

combines two sounds and produces nondrying repetitions (baobab, dada dada)

Answer 43

Reduplicated

Question 44

combining consonants and vowels in a variety of combination (dot, mañana)

Answer 44

Variegated

Question 45

meaningless combinations produced with adult-like stress and rhythm, so they sounds like real words (Ata, Ha!, Abdicate, Ga)

Answer 45

Jargon

Question 46

When determining order of speech sounds development, researchers consider: (3)

Answer 46

1. Production in three positions: initial, medial, final 2. How to determine master- precent accuracy 3. Studies vary

Question 47

Customary

Answer 47

correct in 2/3 positions, 50% of the time

Question 48

Mastery

Answer 48

correct in all positions, 90% of all children

Question 49

Children often string nonsense words together that sound like a real sentence because the rhythm and melody of English are correct. These words are called?

Answer 49

Jargon

Question 50

The acronym IPA stands for?

Answer 50

International Phonetic Alphabet

Question 51

Goo or cooing starts occurring when a child is ____ months old. Canonical babbling starts occurring when a child is ____ months old.

Answer 51

2, 7

Question 52

Some consonants are produced by blocking off the vocal tract, such as /p/ and /b/, while some consonants are produced by creating a constriction within the vocal tract and forcing the breath stream through the constriction, such as /s/ and /v/. These consonant descriptions relate to:

Answer 52

Manner of production

Question 53

In speech development, newborns produce marginal babbling. This includes playing with front sounds.

Answer 53

False