Chapter 2

Question 1

Protons

Answer 1

+

Question 2

Electrons

Answer 2

-

Question 3

Electron Shell 1

Answer 3

2 electrons

Question 4

Electron Shell 2

Answer 4

8 electrons and eight for the rest of the shells

Question 5

Kinetic Energy

Answer 5

Energy of Movement

Question 6

Potential Energy

Answer 6

Storing energy

Question 7

Chemical energy

Answer 7

Bonds

Question 8

Electrical

Answer 8

Nerve impulse

Question 9

Mechanical

Answer 9

muscle filaments ->

Question 10

Radiant

Answer 10

UV Lights -> Vitamin D

Question 11

Molecule

Answer 11

2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

Example: H2

Question 12

Compound

Answer 12

2 or more different kinds of atoms held together by a chemical bond
Example: CH4

Question 13

Solutions

Answer 13

homogeneous
solutes tiny, do not settle out
Example: seawater, air, mineral water

Question 14

Colloids

Answer 14

heterogenous
solutes larger, do not settle out
Example: CFS: cerebrospinal fluid

Question 15

Suspensions

Answer 15

homogeneous
solutes very large, do settle out
Sand and water

Question 16

Ionic

Answer 16

a chemical bond formed by transferring an of one or more electrons from one atom to another
EX: NaCl

Question 17

Anion

Answer 17

electron acceptor (-)

Question 18

Cation

Answer 18

electron donor (+)

Question 19

Covalent Bond

Answer 19

Electrons are shared between atoms to fill their outer electron shell

Question 20

Polar (Bear)

Answer 20

Determined by the molecular shape
Unequal electron pair sharing
Example: H2O

Question 21

Nonpolar

Answer 21

Equal Sharing
Electrically balanced
EX: CO2

Question 22

Hydrogen bond

Answer 22

Hydrogen atom is covalently linked to an electronegative atom
Example: Water molecules

Question 23

Synthesis

Answer 23

Anabolic
Puts stuff together
EX: Amino Acid molecules binding to proteins

Question 24

Decomposition

Answer 24

Catabolic
Falling apart
Glycogen - broken down bones into small glucose molecules

Question 25

Redox

Answer 25

Cellular Respiration | Oxidized or Reduced

Question 26

Oxidized (oil)

Answer 26

Loses electrons | Isocitrate loses hydrogen

Question 27

Reduced (rig)

Answer 27

Electron Acceptor | NaOH gains hydrogen

Question 28

Temperature

Answer 28

Speeds up to a certain point,

Question 29

Concentration

Answer 29

More you have the higher the reaction

Question 30

Particle Size

Answer 30

Small- Fast Large- Slow Reaction speed

Question 31

Catalysts

Answer 31

enzymes speed up

Question 32

High Heat Capacity

Answer 32

Absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing | EX: Lake Michigan and Cold Air

Question 33

High Heat of Vaporization

Answer 33

Changes from a liquid to a gas | EX: sweat meeting cold air = steam

Question 34

Polar Solvent Properties

Answer 34

Compounds and molecules dissociate in water

Question 35

Reactivity

Answer 35

Bond formation and breakage Example: Hydrolysis reaction – bond break Dehydration reaction – bond form

Question 36

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 36

bond break

Question 37

Dehydration reaction

Answer 37

bond form

Question 38

Cushioning

Answer 38

Protection from trauma | CSF protects brain

Question 39

Salts

Answer 39

Ionic compound that dissociates in water Example: NaCl All ions are electrolytes (conduct electrical current)

Question 40

Acids

Answer 40

Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) – proton donors 1-6 more hydrogen ions = more acidic

Question 41

Bases

Answer 41

Proton acceptors – take up H+ Examples – hydroxyl ions (OH-) bind to H+ 8-14 more hydroxyl ions = more alkaline

Question 42

Buffers

Answer 42

Changes in pH = BAD Buffers – resist abrupt changes in pH of body fluids Strong acids – completely dissociate in water and are irreversible; dramatically change pH i.e.HCL Weak acids – do not dissociate completely; do not affect pH i.e. carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Question 43

Monosaccharides

Answer 43

1 sugar Glucose and fructose Carbohydrate

Question 44

Disaccharides

Answer 44

2 sugar sucrose and lactose Carbohydrate

Question 45

Polysaccharides

Answer 45

Many sugars glycogen Carbohydrate

Question 46

Triglycerides

Answer 46

Lipids | Glyceral -> 3 fatty acid backbone

Question 47

Unsaturated fat

Answer 47

a double bond

Question 48

Saturated Fat

Answer 48

no double bond | trans fat - solidified by adding H

Question 49

Eicosanoids

Answer 49

Prostaglandins Pro-inflammation Blood clotting and Wound healing

Question 50

Proteins

Answer 50

Long chains of amino acids connected by peptide bonds (polypeptide chain)

Question 51

Amino Acids

Answer 51

``` 20 types Amine group (NH2) + organic acid group (COOH) R group – determines type ```

Question 52

Structural levels

Answer 52

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary Determine function and specificity Amino acids face outside or in (i.e. water-loving)

Question 53

Fibrous

Answer 53

Insoluble proteins and stable | Collagen, keratin

Question 54

Globular

Answer 54

``` Water-soluble Antibodies, protein-based hormones May exhibit Denaturation pH or temperature example: milk producing hormones ```

Question 55

Chaperones

Answer 55

Escorts Globular protein Fxn: prevent incorrect folding, translocate across membranes, break down proteins, interaction with other cells

Question 56

Enzymes

Answer 56

Enzymes Structure - globular protein Catalysts Purely a protein

Question 57

Holoenzyme

Answer 57

apoenzyme (protein) + cofactor (vitamin or metal ion)

Question 58

Coenzyme

Answer 58

vitamin (i.e. Cellular Respiration Coenzyme A)

Question 59

Hydrolases

Answer 59

add H2O (hydrolysis rxn)

Question 60

Oxidases

Answer 60

add oxygen

Question 61

Nucleic Acids

Answer 61

Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus

Question 62

Nucleotide

Answer 62

``` the structural unit of nucleic acids Nitrogen-containing base: ATCGU Complementary bases Pentose sugar Phosphate group ```

Question 63

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Answer 63

``` primary energy-transferring molecule RNA nucleotide (ribose) Hydrolysis of ATP provides energy for chemical work, transport work, and mechanical work ```