Chapter 2

Question 1

Traditional Biopsychosocial Approach

Answer 1

Proposed in the late 1970’s which highlights that there are three levels (biological, psychological, and social) that together cause mental illness

Question 2

What are the limitations of the biopsychosocial approach?

Answer 2

It doesn’t focus on how these factors interact to produce mental illness and provides little guidance on treatment

Question 3

What are some aspects of the multipath model?

Answer 3

Can be considered a metatheory, many disorders tend to be heterogeneous , and different combos within the four dimensions may influence development of a particular disorder

Question 4

What are some assumptions of the multipath model?

Answer 4

Multiple pathways contribute to the development of any single disorder and not all dimensions contribute equally

Question 5

The Forebrain

Answer 5

Controls all higher level mental functions

Question 6

The Cerebrum

Answer 6

Most advanced and largest part of the brain

Question 7

Cerebral Cortex

Answer 7

Contains the prefrontal cortex

Question 8

Prefrontal Cortex

Answer 8

Helps manage attention, behavior and emotions. Helps foresee consequences of our actions

Question 9

Heredity

Answer 9

Genetic transmission of traits via genes

Question 10

Genotype

Answer 10

A person’s actual and complete genetic makeup

Question 11

Phenotype

Answer 11

Observable physical and behavioral characteristics resulting from the interaction between the genotype and environment

Question 12

Epigenetics

Answer 12

biochemical activities occurring outside genes that modify the gene expression

Question 13

Classical Conditioning

Answer 13

A process where new stimuli generates a conditional response with the same response properties that an unconditioned stimuli generates

Question 14

Operant Conditioning

Answer 14

Involves voluntary behaviors, and is a process of learning

Question 15

Cognitive Behavioral Models

Answer 15

Focus on observable behaviors

Question 16

Etiology

Answer 16

Cause or origin of a disorder

Question 17

Amygdala

Answer 17

Structure involved with physiological reactivity and emotional memories

Question 18

Hippocampus

Answer 18

Structure involved with the formation, organization, and storing of emotionally relevant memories

Question 19

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis

Answer 19

A system activated under conditions of stress or emotional arousal

Question 20

Neurogenesis

Answer 20

Birth and growth of new neurons

Question 21

Genome

Answer 21

The complete set of DNA in a cell

Question 22

Extinction

Answer 22

Decrease or cessation of a behavior due to the gradual weakening of a classically or operantly conditioned response

Question 23

What are some current trends in assessment?

Answer 23

Increased reliance on the biological model, increased consideration of social and sociocultural factors, and Growing consensus that mental health professionals not merely objective observers

Question 24

Exposure Therapy

Answer 24

A treatment approach based on extinction principles that involves gradual or rapid exposure to feared objects or situations

Question 25

Acculturative Stress

Answer 25

The psychological, physical, and social pressures experienced by individuals who are adapting to a new culture

Question 26

What are different types of assessment?

Answer 26

Observations, Interviews, Mental Status Examinations, psychological tests

Question 27

International Classification of Disease (ICD)

Answer 27

Covers all conditions, medical and psychological, Published by the World Health Organization

Question 28

Research Domain Criteria (RDoC)

Answer 28

Published by the National Institutes for Mental Health, Mostly a guide for RESEARCH funding, Framework focuses on assessment rather than diagnosis

Question 29

How did the DSM change in 1973?

Answer 29

Homosexuality is removed from the DSM

Question 30

How did the DSM change in 1980?

Answer 30

Required that all diagnoses must be based on scientific evidence

Question 31

How did the DSM change in 2013?

Answer 31

Use of spectrums of behavior rather Y/N categories, Trauma distinguished from anxiety-related issues, Improvements in inter-rater reliability

Question 32

What are some cultural factors in assessment?

Answer 32

Determining whether a behavior is consistent with cultural norms and DSM-5 includes guidelines for conducting a cultural assessment

Question 33

What are some current trends in assessment?

Answer 33

Increased reliance on the biological model, increased consideration of social and sociocultural factors, and Growing consensus that mental health professionals not merely objective observers

Question 34

Inter-rater Reliability

Answer 34

statistical measurements that determine how similar the data collected by different raters are