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Psychology of Language > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Theory

A
  • Explanation for a set of observations
  • Systematic body of ideas about a particular topic
  • Predicts future observations
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2
Q

Hypothesis

A
  • Prediction derived from a theory
  • Prediction regarding outcome of a study
  • Involves at least two variables
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3
Q

Falsifiability criterion

A

Predictions that can be disconfirmed by data

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4
Q

Can never prove a theory true

A

but it can be proven false

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5
Q

Theory that cannot be falsified

A

cannot be considered scientific

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6
Q

Induction

A
  • Specific examples to general statements

- Observation to theory

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7
Q

Deduction

A
  • General statements to specific examples

- Theory to hypothesis

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8
Q

STM capacity as number of items (Miller, 1956)

A

~7 items in STM

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9
Q

STM capacity as length of time (Baddeley et. al, 1975)

A

~2 seconds of information in STM

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10
Q

Naturalistic observation (Goal: Description)

A

Process of observing and describing a phenomenon

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11
Q

Correlation (Goal: Prediction)

A

Mathematical technique that seeks patterns in data

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12
Q

Experimental method (Goal: Explanation)

A

Means for systematically testing hypotheses in controlled situations

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13
Q

Model

A

Simplified version of phenomenon under study (ex. graph, set of equations, computer program)

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14
Q

Model and theory

A

Good model lends plausibility to theory

Only data can support or falsify a theory

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15
Q

Construct

A

Label given to set of observations that seem to be related

Memory, attention, intelligence, personality, language

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16
Q

Operational definition

A

Defines construct in terms of how it is measured
(Intelligence -> score on test)
(Short-term memory capacity-> digit span)

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17
Q

Validity

A

Degree to which instrument measures what it is clamed to measure

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18
Q

Reliability

A

Degree to which instrument gives consistent measurements for recurring thing

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19
Q

Experiment

A
  • Tightly controlled situation designed to test a hypothesis

- Comparison between two groups that are treated differently

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20
Q

Bransford and Johnson (1972)

A

Hypothesis: Context aids ambiguous story comprehension
Method: Group A sees picture, hears story; Group B hears story, no picture

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21
Q

Experimental condition

A

Group that is given treatment to test hypothesis

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22
Q

Control condition

A

Group that is not given treatment to provide baseline for comparison

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

Various types of treatment given to different groups in experiment

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24
Q

Dependent variable

A

Measurement of response each participant makes to the treatment

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25
Q

Between-subjects design

A

Assigns each participant to only one condition

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26
Q

Within-subjects design

A

Assigns each participant to every condition

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27
Q

Hypothesis testing

A
  • Hypothesis predicts a difference between groups

- Test hypothesis by comparing group means

28
Q

Experimentation process

A
  • Formulate hypothesis
  • Design procedure
  • Analyze data
  • Interpret results
29
Q

Latency (Reaction time)

A

Difference in time between presentation of stimulus and initiation of response

30
Q

Accuracy

A

Percentage of correct responses

31
Q

Error rate

A

Percentage of incorrect responses

32
Q

Nonword

A

Pronounceable letter string that is not a word in English

33
Q

Lexical decision task

A

Participant sees a string of letters, decided ASAP if it is a word

34
Q

Priming

A
  • Implicit memory process

- Recall enhanced due to previous exposure

35
Q

Immediate recall (STM)

A

NO TIME LAPSE between stimulus and response

36
Q

Delayed recall (LTM)

A

TIME LAPSE OF SEVERAL MINUTES OR MORE between stimulus and response

37
Q

Free recall

A

Repeat items in ANY ORDER

38
Q

Serial recall

A

Repeat items in EXACT ORDER

39
Q

Primacy and recency effects

A
  • FIRST and LAST items BEST RECALLED

- MIDDLE items LEAST RECALLED

40
Q

Implicit learning

A

Outside of conscious awareness

41
Q

Saccade

A

Quick movement of eyes while reading

42
Q

Fixation

A

Momentary gaze of eyes on single location

43
Q

Regression

A

Movement of eyes back to previously viewed location

44
Q

Brainstem (medulla, pons)

A

Interior portion of brain, regulates body functions

45
Q

Cerebellum

A

Behind brainstem, coordinates movement

46
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Band of axons that connect left and right hemispheres

47
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Outer covering of forebrain, mental functions giving rise to consciousness

48
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Front of head, motor movement, planning and decision making

49
Q

Parietal lobeq

A

Top of head, monitors body position, navigation through space

50
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Back of head, processes visual input

51
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Side of head, processes auditory input, object recognition

52
Q

Lateralization

A
  • Some cognitive functions processes mainly in one hemisphere
  • Traditional language areas in left hemisphere
53
Q

Broca’s area

A

Left frontal lobe, speech production

54
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

Halting, effortful speech, good comprehension

55
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Left temporal lobe, speech perception

56
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A

“Word salad” speech production, poor comprehension

57
Q

Subcortical structires

A

Structures below cerebral cortex

58
Q

Hippocampus

A

Temporal lobe, memory and learning

59
Q

Amygdala

A

Temporal lobe, emotion and memory

60
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Base of forebrain, procedural learning and routine actions

61
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

Records voltage fluctuations at scalp

62
Q

Event-related potential (ERP)

A

Waveform extracted from EEG, signifies cognitive process

63
Q

Components

A

A specific ERP waveform that is tied to a particular cognitive process

64
Q

N400

A

Component signaling semantic anomaly

65
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

Track mildly radioactive substance injected into the bloodstream

66
Q

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

Uses magnetic properties to track blood flow

Psychology of Language (9 decks)

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