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NASM CPT > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing distortion in body tissues

A

Mechanoreceptors

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2
Q

Receptors sensitive to change and rate of change of tension

A

Golgi tendon organs

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3
Q

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle and rate of that change

A

Muscle spindles

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4
Q

The functional unit of the nervous system

A

Neuron

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5
Q

Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration, and deceleration in the joint

A

Joint receptors

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6
Q

The system that acts as the body’s communication network, gathers and interprets information, and determines all movement

A

Nervous system

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7
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system?

A

Sensory, integrative, and motor

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8
Q

The ability to sense body position and limb movement relative to adjacent parts of the body and the environment

A

Proprioception

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9
Q

What are 4 benefits to training proprioceptive abilities?

A

Improved balance, posture, coordination, and the ability to adapt to changing environments

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10
Q

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, axon, dendrites

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11
Q

Transmits nerve impulses from receptors in tissues to the CNS

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons

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12
Q

Transmits nerve impulses from the CNS to effector sites in muscles or organs

A

Motor (efferent) neurons

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13
Q

Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another

A

Interneurons

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14
Q

The portion of the nervous system that consists of the brain of the spinal cord

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

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15
Q

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

A

Peripheral nervous system

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16
Q

Primary connective tissue that connects bones together and provides stability and input to the nervous system

A

Ligaments

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17
Q

A flattened or indented portion of bone, which can be a muscle attachment site

A

Depression

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18
Q

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column

A

Axial skeleton

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19
Q

Portion of the skeletal system that includes the bones that connect to the spinal column including the upper and lower extremities

A

Appendicular skeleton

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20
Q

Bone with a cylindrical body (shaft) that are longer than they are wide and enlarge and widen at each end

A

Long bone

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21
Q

Cube or box-shaped bones that are nearly as wide as they are long; made out of mostly sponge bone tissue to maximize shock absorption

A

Short bones

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22
Q

Thin bones made of two layers of compact bone tissue around a layer of spongy bone tissue

A

Flat bone

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23
Q

Bones of unique shape and function that do not fit the characteristics of other categories

A

Irregular bones

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24
Q

Small, often round bones embedded in a joint capsule

A

Sesamoid bones

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25
Q

The motions of the joints in the body

A

Arthrokinematics

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26
Q

What are the 3 types of joint motion?

A

Roll, slide, and spin

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27
Q

What are the 6 types of joints related to movement?

A

Gliding, condyloid, hinge, saddle, pivot, and ball-and-socket

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28
Q

Joints held together by a joint capsule and ligaments; most associated with movement in the body

A

Synovial joint

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29
Q

Most-mobile joints that allow motion in all three planes

A

Ball-and-socket

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30
Q

What does bone do in response to progressive exercise?

A

Gets stronger

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31
Q

What can prevent bone injuries related to falls?

A

Maintaining muscle strength, coordination, and balance

32
Q

What is the best exercise to help strengthen bone?

A

Weight-bearing exercise

33
Q

The functional unit of muscle that produces muscular contraction and consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin

A

Sarcomere

34
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of type I muscle fibers?

A

More capillaries; increased oxygen delivery; smaller in size; less force production; slow to fatigue; long term contractions such as stabilization; slow twitch

35
Q

What are the 7 characteristics of type II muscle fibers?

A

Fewer capillaries; decreased oxygen delivery; larger in size; more force produced; quick to fatigue; short term contractions; fast twitch

36
Q

Which 6 muscles comprise the stabilization system of the core?

A

Transverse abdominus; internal oblique; lumbar multifidus; pelvic floor muscles; diaphragm; transversospinalis

37
Q

The ability of muscles to exert maximal force output in a minimal amount of time

A

Rate of force production

38
Q

Series of muscles that move the skeleton

A

Muscular system

39
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

40
Q

The outermost layer of muscle tissue

A

Fascia

41
Q

The second layer of muscle tissue, aka “deep fascia”

A

Epimysium

42
Q

The middle layers of muscle made up of bundles of muscle fibers

A

Fascicles

43
Q

The connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

A

Perimysium

44
Q

Connective tissue between muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

45
Q

Plasma membrane surrounding individual muscle fibers

A

Sarcolemma

46
Q

Substance in the muscle fiber that contains glycogen, fats, minerals, myoglobin, nuclei, and mitochondria

A

Sarcoplasm

47
Q

Contains thin actin and thick myosin filaments that make up muscle fibers

A

Myofibrils

48
Q

The communication between the nervous and muscular system

A

Neural activation

49
Q

The interface points between the nervous and muscular systems

A

Motor unit

50
Q

The neurotransmitter chemical used by the neuromuscular system

A

Acetylcholine

51
Q

The proposed process by which the contraction of the filaments within the sarcomere takes place

A

Sliding filament theory

52
Q

What occurs between filaments as individual muscle fibers contract to produce force?

A

Actin-myosin cross bridging

53
Q

What chemical process occurs between filaments as a sarcomere contracts?

A

Excitation-contraction coupling

54
Q

Muscles that perform the opposite action as the prime mover

A

Antagonist

55
Q

Which muscle is the agonist in hip extension?

A

Gluteus maximus

56
Q

Muscles that assist the prime mover

A

Synergist

57
Q

The muscle that acts as the prime mover and is most responsible for a given movement

A

Agonist

58
Q

Which muscles act as synergists to the gluteus maximus during hip extension?

A

Hamstrings, erector spinae

59
Q

Muscles that support the body while the agonists and synergists produce movement

A

Stabilizers

60
Q

Which muscles serve as stabilizers muscles during hip extension?

A

Transverse abdominis, internal obliques, multifidus

61
Q

Which muscle is an antagonist to the gluteus maximus during hip extension?

A

Psoas

62
Q

System that regulates body function with hormones

A

Endocrine system

63
Q

Chemicals that trigger muscle contraction, stimulate protein and fat synthesis, activate enzyme systems, regulate growth and metabolism, and determine how the body responds to stress physically and emotionally

A

Hormones

64
Q

What are the 3 components of the endocrine system?

A

Host organs (glands), chemical messengers (hormones), and target cells (receptors)

65
Q

Section of the brain that controls the function of all other endocrine glands

A

Pituitary gland

66
Q

Gland that releases hormones responsible for metabolism, protein synthesis, heart rate, breathing, and body temperature

A

Thyroid gland

67
Q

What are 5 symptoms of low thyroid function?

A

Low metabolism, fatigue, depression, cold sensitivity, and weight gain

68
Q

Glands that secrete stress hormones cortisol and epinephrine (adrenaline) responsible for the “fight or flight” response

A

Adrenal glands

69
Q

Primary link between the nervous system and endocrine system, and helps control feelings of fullness when eating, metabolism, and body temperature

A

Hypothalamus

70
Q

Organ that controls blood glucose through the release of insulin and glucagon

A

Pancreas

71
Q

What are 4 effects epinephrine has on the body in regard to exercise?

A

Increases heart rate and stroke volume, elevates blood glucose, redistributes blood to working tissue, and opens up airways

72
Q

Hormone that plays a fundamental role in muscle tissue synthesis

A

Testosterone

73
Q

Hormone that influences the location of fat deposits

A

Estrogen

74
Q

Catabolic hormone associated with tissue breakdown

A

Cortisol

75
Q

What are 4 factors that can raise cortisol to harmful levels?

A

Overtraining, excessive stress, poor sleep, inadequate nutrition

76
Q

Primarily responsible for growth until puberty in both men and women; increases fat burning and strengthens the immune system. It is stimulated by release of estrogen or testosterone, deep sleep, or vigorous exercise

A

Growth hormone

NASM CPT (7 decks)

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