Chapter 2 & 8

Question 0

a good technical sentence is logically _________ and ______ in it’s meaning

Answer 0

structured and unambiguous in it’s meaning

Question 1

What is technical writing?

Answer 1

scientific writing

to convey info efficiently & provide a clear understanding of the material

Question 2

T/F Convergent writing is technical writing

Answer 2

true, divergent is CREATIVE writing

Question 3

how should a good introduction be written?

Answer 3

• good introduction=good legal brief
• convincing;persuasive; grounded
• demonstrates need for and value of the study
• often reveals the “hole” or paucity in the literature

Question 4

Describe the nature of technical writing

Answer 4

• aims to convey information efficiently, provide a clear understanding of the material
• simple, precise, and direct
• logical
• should be convergent writing
• readable and avoids passive voice or personal pronouns

Question 5

What is are the components of the introduction?

Answer 5

• general statement of the problem
• rationale for the investigation
• review of the relevant literature
• may conclude
  
  • summary of purpose, list of research questions, overview of hypothesis

Question 6

The clarity of writing can lead to _________ and _______ of submissions

Answer 6

misinterpretation/revision

Question 7

(Component of introduction) explain general statement of the problem

Answer 7

• it is used to lend perspective to the nature of the study
• forms the design of the study
• includes: population, measurement, conditions

Question 8

In comparison to statement of problem, what is the statement of purpose

Answer 8

• it allows the reader to understand the investigators intent
• purpose is associated with a particular focus, goal, or objective of a study

Question 9

what do the literature citations used for in the introduction?

Answer 9

• to buttress the researchers position
• help justify the statement of the problem by providing adequate background embedded in the study for a specific context

Question 10

the more specific the research the more _________ the answers

Answer 10

specific

Question 11

What is the purpose of the statement of the purpose?

Answer 11

it shows how the results may advance knowledge, revise a theory, or modify practice
(it shows how important your study is or that your study can revise a theory that’s established or modifies practice)

Question 12

All problems MUST be justified through rationale, why and how?

Answer 12

Because it is impossible to investigate all aspect of a the general problem, it presents the case for studying selected aspects of a problem and identifies the limitations

it stems from the general statement of the problem

Question 13

Support for a study must be based on ____________ of research and evidence, not emotion or false claims or poor reasoning

Answer 13

logical connections

Question 14

What different forms can rationale take?

Answer 14

1. inadequacy of previous research
2. follow-up research
3. resolve conflicting results
4. provide empirical data
5. absence of previous research

Question 15

Define argument

Answer 15

a means by which a particular claim or interpretation is rationally justified

this is not a nasty or emotionally-changed discussion

Question 16

an argument persuades the reader of a _________ (claim) by providing __________ (premises) to support it.

Answer 16

proposition; premises

Question 17

what is rationale?

Answer 17

it is a set of logical arguments

Question 18

What are the 6 types of arguments?

Answer 18

1. by example
2. by credible authority
3. by analogy
4. by induction
5. by deduction
6. fallacies

Question 19

Explain arguments by example

Answer 19

it is anecdotal evidence

observation is used as a premise

less trustworthy than study evidence (shouldn’t be considered evidence at all because you can’t build a case off of this)

Question 20

explain arguments by credible authority

Answer 20

best used to supplement other forms of verifiable evidence

someone who has demonstrated expertise in a topic

Question 21

explain arguments by analogy

Answer 21

if two or more things are similar in some respects, they are likely to be similar in another

different but comparable relationships is used as a premise (p 34)

Question 22

explain argument by induction

Answer 22

the premises only offer support for the proposition (excerpts 2.5-2.8)

usually baed on an established theory or general principles

Question 23

argument by deduction

Answer 23

if the premises provide valid evidence, then the proposition logically must follow

proposition follows necessarily from the premises

i.e. CP causes dysarthria

Question 24

Define fallacies

Answer 24

arguments are invalid when the premises are incorrect or unsupported, or when there is an error in logical reasoning there are 3 types: of reason, of distraction, of induction

Question 25

briefly explain the 3 types of fallacies

Answer 25

of reason: appeal to belief, emotion, popularity of distraction: irrelevant info or false dilemma of induction: exclude evidence that would challenge, weaken support for the author's proposition

Question 26

Emotionally volatile words or topics that suggest _______ according to sex, culture, ethnicity, or disability are not appropriate for rationale arguments

Answer 26

BIAS

Question 27

Review of literature is not a ___________ of past studies but a _________ of an area of investigation

Answer 27

-comprehensive summary; critical synthesis - Put research into context or historical perspective - How the investigation fits into same themes and arguments - Authors responsibility to indicate how key terms are defined in the article - Provide context for their research to contribute to professional knowledge

Question 28

The literature review should define _________, constructs, and ______

Answer 28

central terms; principles why? it relates to a body of literature that support and explain importance of it cite the relevant work to place the problem in perspective and develop a convincing rationale ex. aphasia is an acquired neurogenic communication disorder

Question 29

What important questions does a critical evaluator ask?

Answer 29

1. With each sentence--"So what? if well constructed, the answer will be in the next sentence" 2. Ask "How do you know?" or "why do you think so?" look for cited evidence 3. Have the data been accurately reported? 4. "Were conclusions of previous research criticized fairly?" describe the strengths and weaknesses

Question 30

What questions do you ask in reference to the citations?

Answer 30

- how thorough is the review of literature? - has the author overlooked recent work - are the citations relevant? - has the author used primarily original sources? - check dates

Question 31

Research questions should relate directly to what?

Answer 31

what preceded them. this is often positions at the end of the literature review

Question 32

Research questions may be oriented to what?

Answer 32

1. Providing descriptions 2. determining differences 3. establishing relationships

Question 33

Hypothesis should be pulled from

Answer 33

-practical experience, critical appraisal of the scientific literature or interest in an untested theory

Question 34

A researcher should have completed what 4 things in relation to hypothesis and research question

Answer 34

1. Defined a specific question area 2. Reviewed the relevant literature 3. Examined the question's potential significance 4. Examined the feasibility of studying the question

Question 35

A hypothesis is what?

Answer 35

statements regarding a prediction flow from research questions, literature review, and theoretical framework it is a declarative statement that predicts an outcome explains or predicts the relationship or difference between two or more variables in terms of expected results or outcome of a study

Question 36

Three characteristics should be evident in the research question

Answer 36

1. it clearly identifies variables under consideration 2. it specifies the population being studied 3. it implies the possibility of empirical testing

Question 37

T/F the hypothesis suggests an answer to the research question

Answer 37

true

Question 38

What are the limitations of the study?

Answer 38

acknowledgements by author of research limits (usually included at the end of the publication) -reduced control over subjects -controls that limit application -sample size -convenience sample vs. randomized sample =best acknowledge all/most pertinent limitations