Chapter 3 Flashcards
(47 cards)
What is a research design?
Tactics used to carry out the strategy
What is a research strategy?
is the general plan of attack whereas the specific tactics used to carry out the strategy constitute the research design
T/F Quantitative research is: “time-honored method of empirical investigation”
True!
Describe quantitative research
- observations can be measured
- Results expressed numerically
- define phenomena, investigate casual relations or associations
Empirical research is concerned with the relationships among _______
variables
What is qualitative research?
Analyzing concrete cases:
- temporal
- local particularity
- beginning with people’s expression’s & activities within their own context
- Ex. Feminism–the personal is political
When a characteristic does not vary, it is called a ______
constant
T/F variables must vary
True
The _______ variable is the presumed ______ of the ______ variable, the presumed ________
Independent variable; cause; dependent variable; effect
The independent variables are
the conditions that cause change in behavior
there is only ONE
what is manipulated during the experiment
what the investigator thinks will affect the dependent variable
The dependent variables are
the behavior that is changed
may be more than one
what will be measured; what the investigator thinks will be affected during the experiment
Name the dependent and independent variables: Cancer rates for women taking the beta-carotene supplement did not differ systematically from the cancer rates of those women taking the placebo
Independent variable: beta ceratone or placebo
Dependent variable: occurrence of cancer
The intervening factor is called a ______
nuisance or extraneous variable
What is a extraneous/confounding variables ?
- also known as 3rd variable or a mediator variable, can adversely affect the relation between the independent variable and dependent variable
- this may cause the researcher to analyze the results incorrectly
The results due to a extraneous variable can show a ______ correlation between the dependent and independent variables
false
T/F causation does not equal correlation
True
How can you control extraneous variables?
- you must consider these variables when setting up your research strategy
- you must demonstrate that IVs were responsible for DVs
- You can’t account for all error but must consider impact of extraneous variables on outcomes
T/F another problem that researchers face when discussing cause-effect relations among variables is tied to the distinction between experimental and descriptive research
True
What is an active variable vs a attribute variable
Active= IV that can be manipulated (the volume of coffee consumed)
Attribute=cannot be manipulated (sex, age, IQ)
The important point is that independent variable in an ______ is active—it can be manipulated in some way by an experimenter to see what effect it has on a dependent variable
experiment
However, the independent variable in _____ is an attribute, it cannot be manipulated by the researcher to see what effect is has on the dependent variable
descriptive research
What is a continuous variable?
measured along a continuum or dimension that reflects atleast the rank ordering of values of the variable i.e. intensity of a tone, stuttering frequency
What is categorical (discrete) variable?
different values can only be named, they have no numerical value i.e. stutterers or non-stutterers, sex, race, level of education
When graphing the change in a dependent variable as a function of changes in a continuous independent variable you use ____ graph
line graph
