Chapter 2

Question 1

The nervous system is made up of billions of ______ .

Answer 1

Neurons

Question 2

What allows the nervous system to communicate outside with the environment as well as internally with itself?

Answer 2

Neurons

Question 3

Neurons transmit impulses through ______ and ______ signals.

Answer 3

Chemical ; Electrical

Question 4

The Central Nervous System is made up of what?

Answer 4

The brain and spinal cord.

Question 5

The Peripheral Nervous System consists of?

Answer 5

Nerves that connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the human body.

Question 6

Neurons form the core on the nervous system which contains nervous system which consists of what?

Answer 6

The brain, spinal cord, and peripheral ganglia.

Question 7

What are the 3 main parts of a neuron?

Answer 7

Cell body (soma), axon, and dendrites.

Question 8

These respond to forces such as motion, sound waves, pressure, stretching and touch.

Answer 8

Mechanoreceptors (NS)

Question 9

What senses the various distortions in the human body?

Answer 9

Mechanoreceptors (NS)

Question 10

Training the body’s proprioceptive abilities will improve what?

Answer 10

Balance, coordination, and posture, and enable the body to adapt to its surroundings without consciously thinking about what movement is most appropriate for any given situation.

Question 11

What are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length? And what does that help regulate?

Answer 11

Muscle Spindles; This helps to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch reflex mechanism.

Question 12

Muscle Spindles’ purpose is to help prevent and protect what?

Answer 12

over stretching that could lead to muscular damage.

Question 13

These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers.

Answer 13

Muscle Spindles (NS)

Question 14

These are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers.

Answer 14

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO)

Question 15

Golgi Tendon Organs (GTO) can sense the change in what?

Answer 15

Can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that this tension changes.

Question 16

When you activate the Golgi tendon organ it will cause a muscle to ______. This is to help prevent what?

Answer 16

Relax; to help prevent injury from excess stress and contraction.

Question 17

Which receptors are located around the joint capsule.

Answer 17

Joint Receptors (NS)

Question 18

Joint receptors respond to ______, ______, and ______ at the joint.

Answer 18

Acceleration; deceleration; pressure

Question 19

Joint receptors are able to sense what in order to prevent injuries?

Answer 19

They are able to sense extreme joint positions and send signals.

Question 20

Human Movement is accomplished through the functional integration of which three systems?

Answer 20

Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems

Question 21

Nervous, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems must work together or be linked (____) to produce motion (_____ or human movement.

Answer 21

Chain; Kinetic

Question 22

The Skeletal System provides the shape ad form for our bodies in addition to what?

Answer 22

Supporting, protecting, allowing bodily movement, producing blood for the body, and storing minerals.

Question 23

Type I Muscle fiber is know as _____ twitch.

Answer 23

Slow

Question 24

Type II Muscle fiber is known as _____ twitch.

Answer 24

Fast

Question 25

Type I Muscle Fiber are also known as ______ fibers.

Answer 25

Endurance

Question 26

Type I Muscle Fiber

Answer 26

Slow Twitch. AKA Endurance Fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.

Question 27

Type II Muscle Fiber

Answer 27

Fast Twitch. These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.

Question 28

Type IIx Muscle Fiber

Answer 28

These have a low oxidative capacity and or quick to fatigue.

Question 29

Type IIa Muscle Fiber

Answer 29

These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers.

Question 30

Type IIa is aka ________ muscle fibers.

Answer 30

Intermediate Fast Twitch

Question 31

Excitation-contraction coupling is aka

Answer 31

Sliding filament theory

Question 32

5 steps of Excitation-contraction coupling (Sliding Filament Theory)

Answer 32

1. Ach is released and binds with receptors that starts an action potential down the T Tubula.
2. This action potential initiates a calcium release (Ca2+).
3. The calcium then binds with troponin which stops the blocking action of tribal myosin that exposes the active binding site for actin.
4. The next thing that occurs is contraction by the myosin cross bridges that alternately detach and attach to actin. This brings the filaments closer to the middle of the sarcomere. In order for actin and myosin to detach every quires ATP.
5. The last step is that Tropomyosin comes back to its location and covers the actin active site. At this point, no more contractions happen.

Question 33

The 4 Primary Functions that muscles are categorized into.

Answer 33

Agonist, Synergist, Stabilizer, Antagonist.

Question 34

Muscle function of the Agonist

Answer 34

Prime Mover

Question 35

Muscle function of the Synergist

Answer 35

Assist prime mover.

Question 36

Muscle function of the Stabilizer

Answer 36

Stabilize while prime mover and synergist work. These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement.

Question 37

Muscle function of the Antagonist

Answer 37

Oppose prime mover. These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work.