Chapter 2

Question 1

Nervous system

Answer 1

one of the primary organ systems in the body. billions of cells that communicates with one another in a network within a body.

Question 2

Central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 2

spinal cord and brain

Question 3

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 3

nerves that connect the spinal cord and brain to the rest of the human body

Question 4

Sensory function

Answer 4

the ability of the nervous system to notice changes in the external and internal environment

Question 5

Integrative function

Answer 5

the ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information

Question 6

Motor function

Answer 6

the neuromuscular response to sensory information

Question 7

Proprioception

Answer 7

the cumulative sensory input to the CNS from all of the various mechanoreceptors that can sense limb movement and body position. improves coordination, posture, and balance

Question 8

Neuron

Answer 8

the functional unit of the nervous system

Question 9

3 parts of a neuron

Answer 9

cell body, axon, and dendrite

Question 10

Sensory neuron (afferent)

Answer 10

type of nerve cell that conducts impulses to the CNS from a sense organ

Question 11

Interneurons

Answer 11

send nerve impulses between one another

Question 12

Motor neuron (efferent)

Answer 12

type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors

Question 13

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 13

respond to pressure inside of tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves

Question 14

Muscle spindles

Answer 14

sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscle fibers. help to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch flex mechanism

Question 15

Golgi tendon organ

Answer 15

receptor can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that the tension changes

Question 16

Joint receptors

Answer 16

located around the joint capsule. respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint. sense extreme joint positions and send signals in order to prevent injuries

Question 17

Skeletal system

Answer 17

body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. provides the focus and shapes for bodies. creates blood for the human body and stores minerals.

Question 18

Bones

Answer 18

provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles

Question 19

Joints

Answer 19

junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs

Question 20

Axial skeleton

Answer 20

area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. 80 bones

Question 21

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 21

area of the skeletal system that contains of the lower and upper extremities. of the 206 bones in the skeletal system, this comprises 126 bones

Question 22

Remodeling

Answer 22

process of formation and resorption of bone

Question 23

Osteoclasts

Answer 23

cells that help remove bone tissue

Question 24

Osteoblasts

Answer 24

cells that help create new bone tissue

Question 25

Epiphysis

Answer 25

located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells

Question 26

Diaphysis

Answer 26

the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft

Question 27

Epiphyseal plate

Answer 27

area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis

Question 28

Periosteum

Answer 28

the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone

Question 29

Medullary cavity

Answer 29

location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens. small cavity located in the shaft

Question 30

Articular cartilage (hyaline)

Answer 30

inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint

Question 31

Depressions

Answer 31

flat areas of a bone

Question 32

Processes

Answer 32

parts of the bone where ligaments in muscle attach

Question 33

Vertebral column

Answer 33

made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. there are 5 lumbar 12 thoracic and 7 cervical bones

Question 34

Arthrokinematics

Answer 34

description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion

Question 35

Synovial joints

Answer 35

joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule. produce synovial fluid, similar to egg whites, to protect the joints. approx 80% joints in the body

Question 36

Non-synovial joints

Answer 36

joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments. mostly found in the distal joint of the fibula and tibia as well as the skull

Question 37

Ligaments

Answer 37

connect bones to other bones and help joint support

Question 38

Muscular system

Answer 38

the full collection of all the muscles in the human body

Question 39

Epimysium

Answer 39

layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside

Question 40

Perimysium

Answer 40

muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle

Question 41

Endomysium

Answer 41

the deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers

Question 42

Tendons

Answer 42

connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue

Question 43

Sarcomere

Answer 43

function unit of muscle that produces contractions. comprised of actin and myosin. the repeating section of a muscle

Question 44

Neural activation

Answer 44

process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by means of the neuromuscular junction

Question 45

Motor unit

Answer 45

the motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates

Question 46

Neurotransmitters

Answer 46

small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

Question 47

Type I (slow twitch)

Answer 47

endurance fibers. smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense

Question 48

Type II (fast twitch)

Answer 48

do not have as much endurance. have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power, are larger

Question 49

Excitation-contraction coupling

Answer 49

nervous system stimulates a muscle in the body to contract. Sliding filament theory

Question 50

Agonist

Answer 50

prime mover

Question 51

Synergist

Answer 51

assists an helps the prime mover

Question 52

Stabilizer

Answer 52

helps with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement

Question 53

Antagonist

Answer 53

relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work

Question 54

Endocrine system

Answer 54

system of glands that secretes hormones into the bloodstream

Question 55

Muscle spindles

Answer 55

sensory receptors within the muscle that run parallel to the muscle fibers. sensitive to changes in muscle length and rates of length change