Chapter 2

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

consists of the values held by a given group, the norms they follow, the language they speak, and the material goods they create

Question 2

Cultural Appropriation

Answer 2

occurs when members of one cultural group borrow elements of another group’s culture

Question 3

Values

Answer 3

ideas held by individuals or groups about what is desirable, proper, good, and bad

example= honesty and honor

Question 4

Norms

Answer 4

rules of conduct that specify appropriate behavior in a given range of social situations

example = the dos and dons of social life

Question 5

Language

Answer 5

a system of symbols that represent objects and abstract thoughts; the primary vehicle of meaning and communication in a society

• demonstrates both the unity and diversity of human culture because all cultures have language, yet there are thousands of languages in the world
• allows humans to vastly extend the scope of our thought and experience

Question 6

The Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Sapir- Whorf Hypothesis)

Answer 6

argues that language shapes people’s perception of the world

- language gives permanence to a culture and an identity to the people

Question 7

Cultural Universals

Answer 7

Forms of behavior found in all, or virtually all, cultures

Question 8

Material Culture

Answer 8

the physical objects that society creates that influence the ways in which people live

Question 9

Society

Answer 9

a group of people who live in a particular territory, are subject to a common system of political authority, and are aware of having a distinct identity

Question 10

Instinct

Answer 10

a fixed pattern of behavior that has genetic origins and that appears in all normal animals within a given species

Question 11

Biological Determinism

Answer 11

The belief that differences we observe between groups of people, such as men and women, are explained wholly by biological causes

Question 12

Subcultures

Answer 12

cultural groups within a wider society that hold values and norms distinct from those of the majority

Question 13

Countercultures

Answer 13

cultural groups within a wider society that largely reject the values and norms of the majority

Question 14

Assimilation

Answer 14

the acceptance of a majority group by a majority population, in which the new group takes on the values and norms of the dominant culture

Question 15

Multiculturalism

Answer 15

The viewpoint according to which ethnic groups can exist separately and share equally in economic and political life

Question 16

Ethnocentrism

Answer 16

the tendency to look at other cultures through the eyes of one’s own culture, and thereby misrepresent them

Question 17

Cultural relativism

Answer 17

the practice of judging a society by its own standards

Question 18

Hunting and Gathering Societies

Answer 18

people do not grow crops or keep livestock but rather gain their livelihood from gathering plants and hunting animals

Question 19

Pastoral Societies

Answer 19

are those that raise domesticated animals as their major source of subsistence.

Question 20

Agrarian Societies

Answer 20

depend on the cultivation of fixed plots of land.

Question 21

Urban Societies

Answer 21

form traditional states or civilizations.

Question 22

Industrialization

Answer 22

The emergence of machine production, based on the use of inanimate power resources (such as steam or electricity)

Question 23

Industrialized Societies

Answer 23

highly developed nation-states in which the majority of the population work in factories or offices, rather than in agriculture, and most people live in urban areas

Question 24

Nation- State

Answer 24

a particular type of state, characteristic of the modern world, in which a government has sovereign power within a defined territorial area, and the population are citizens who know themselves to be part of a single nation

Question 25

The Developing World

Answer 25

ometimes called the Global South, in which most of the world’s population live, is almost all formerly colonized areas. Most of the population works in agricultural production, some of which is geared to world markets.

Question 26

Emerging Economies

Answer 26

- consist of developing countries that, over the past two or three decades, have begun to develop a strong industrial base. - Emerging economies have high rates of economic growth. - Singapore and Hong Kong are good examples of emerging economies.

Question 27

Nationalism

Answer 27

A set of beliefs and symbols expressing identification with a national community