Chapter 3

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

the social processes through which we develop an awareness of social norms and values and achieve a distinct sense of self

Question 2

Social Reproduction

Answer 2

the process whereby societies have structural continuity over time

Question 3

Self- awareness

Answer 3

begins to develop in the early years of childhood (as opposed to being innate, or “natural”)

Question 4

The development of self was first brought to light by

Answer 4

G. H. Mead

Question 5

Social self

Answer 5

the identity conferred upon an individual by the reactions of others

Question 6

Self- consciousness

Answer 6

awareness of one’s distinct social identity as a person separate from others

Question 7

Generalized other

Answer 7

concept according to which the individual takes over the general values of a given group or society during the socialization process

Question 8

Charles Horton Cooley

Answer 8

• Looking-glass self theory: proposes that the reactions we elicit in social situations create a mirror in which we see ourselves.

For example if other laugh at our jokes, we may come to view ourselves as funny

Question 9

The Stages of Cognitive Development ( Jean Piaget)

Answer 9

• Sensorimotor Stage ( birth- 2 years)
• Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years)
• Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)
• Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years)

Question 10

Cognition

Answer 10

human thought processes involving perception, reasoning, and remembering

Question 11

Sensorimotor Stage ( birth- 2 years)

Answer 11

• Exploring the environment
• the first stage of human cognitive development is one in which a child’s awareness of his or her environment is dominated by touch.
• This is also the stage during which the infant begins differentiating him- or herself from the environment.

Question 12

Preparation Stage (2- 7 years)

Answer 12

• Egocentric
• this is the stage at which a child has advanced sufficiently to master basic modes of logical thought.
• This stage is often referred to as egocentric because during this period a child sees the world only from her or his own perspective.
• the characteristic quality of a child during the early years of life involves understanding objects and events in the environment solely in terms of the child’s own position

Question 13

Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years)

Answer 13

• Basic Abstraction
• the child’s thinking is based primarily on physical perception of the world.
• The child is less egocentric and is developing the beginnings of abstract thought, but is still not yet capable of dealing with higher abstract concepts or hypothetical situations.

Question 14

Formal Operational Stage (11-15 years)

Answer 14

• Further abstraction and hypothetical reasoning
• Piaget claimed some people never achieve this stage
• stage of human cognitive development during which the growing child becomes capable of handling abstract concepts and hypothetical situations.

Question 15

Agents of Socialization

Answer 15

groups or social contexts within which processes of socialization take place

Question 16

Primary Socialization

Answer 16

Family is most important agent of socialization

Question 17

Nuclear Family

Answer 17

a family group consisting of an adult or adult couple and their dependent children

Question 18

Other Agents of Socialization

Answer 18

• schools
• peer groups
• the mass media
• work
• military
• college
• prison
• etc.

Question 19

Peer Group

Answer 19

a friendship group composed of individuals of similar age and social status

Question 20

The Hidden Curriculum

Answer 20

teaches behaviors and attitudes that are at school, but not included in the formal curriculum.

Question 21

Social Roles

Answer 21

socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status, or occupying a particular social position

It’s important to recognize, however, that though the behaviors attached to these roles feel natural, this is simply the result of our having been successfully socialized into a particular culture that supports them.

Question 22

Social Identity

Answer 22

• the characteristics that other people attribute to an individual
• this is an objective identity, as it is largely determined by external relationships, whereas our self-identity is a subjective identity, meaning it is how we see ourselves

Question 23

Self- Identity

Answer 23

• the ongoing process of self-development and definition of our personal identity through which we formulate a unique sense of ourselves and our relationship to the world around us
• is a subjective identity, meaning it is how we see ourselves.
  Socialization involves, not only the internalization of culture, but also the construction of self.