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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomic Reference Systems

A

terms used to describe the location of body planes, directions, and cavities

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2
Q

structures of the body

A

the cells, tissues, and glands that form the body systems that work together to enable the body to function properly

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3
Q

Genetics

A

the genetic components that transfer characteristics from parents to their child

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4
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similarly specialized ells that work together to perform specific functions

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5
Q

Glands

A

A group of specialized cells that is capable of producing secretions

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6
Q

Body Systems and Related Organs

A

Organs are somewhat independent part of the body that perform specific functions. Organs with related functions are organized into body systems

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7
Q

Pathology

A

The study of the nature and cause of disease that involve changes in structure and function

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8
Q

aden/o

A

gland

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9
Q

adip/o

A

fat

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10
Q

anter/o

A

front or before

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11
Q

caud/o

A

tail or lower part of body

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12
Q

cephal/o

A

head

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13
Q

cyt/o, -cyte

A

cell

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14
Q

end-, endo-

A

in, within, inside

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15
Q

exo-

A

out of, outside, away from

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16
Q

hist/o

A

tissue

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17
Q

-ologist

A

specialist

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18
Q

-ology

A

study or science of

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19
Q

path/o, -pathy

A

Disease, suffering, feeling, emotion.

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20
Q

plas/i, plas/o, -plasia

A

Formation, development, growth.

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21
Q

poster/o

A

behind, toward the back

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22
Q

-stasis, -static

A

Control, maintenance of a constant level

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23
Q

abdominal cavity

A

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion.

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24
Q

adenectomy

A

The surgical removal of a gland.

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25
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

A malignant tumor that originates in glandular tissue.

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26
Q

adenoma

A

A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue.

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27
Q

adenomalacia

A

Abnormal softening of a gland.

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28
Q

adenosclerosis

A

Abnormal hardening of a gland.

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29
Q

anaplasia

A

A change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other.

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30
Q

anatomy

A

The study of the structures of the body.

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31
Q

anomaly

A

A deviation from what is regarded as normal.

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32
Q

anterior

A

situated in front

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33
Q

aplasia

A

The defective development or congenital absence of an organ or tissue.

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34
Q

bloodborne transmission

A

The spread of a disease through contact with blood or other body fluids contaminated with blood.

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35
Q

caudal

A

toward the lower part of the body

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36
Q

cephalic

A

toward the head

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37
Q

chromosome

A

A genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell.

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38
Q

communicable disease

A

Any disease transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects.

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39
Q

congenital disorder

A

An abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth.

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40
Q

cytoplasm

A

The material located within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus.

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41
Q

distal

A

Situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure.

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42
Q

dorsal

A

back of the body or organ

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43
Q

dysplasia

A

Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs.

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44
Q

endemic

A

Referring to the ongoing presence of a disease, such as the common cold, within a population, group, or area.

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45
Q

endocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

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46
Q

epidemic

A

A sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area.

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47
Q

epigastric region

A

The region located above the stomach.

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48
Q

etiology

A

the study of the causes of diseases

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49
Q

exocrine glands

A

Glands that secrete chemical substances into ducts leading either to other organs or out of the body.

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50
Q

functional disorder

A

Produces symptoms for which no physiological or anatomical cause can be identified.

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51
Q

genetic disorder

A

A pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene.

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52
Q

geriatrician

A

A physician who specializes in the care of older people.

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53
Q

hemophilia

A

A group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing.

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54
Q

histology

A

The microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues.

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55
Q

homeostasis

A

The processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

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56
Q

hyperplasia

A

The enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues.

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57
Q

hypertrophy

A

A general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of the cells in the tissues.

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58
Q

hypogastric region

A

The region of the abdomen that is located below the stomach.

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59
Q

hypoplasia

A

The incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells.

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60
Q

iatrogenic illness

A

Unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment.

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61
Q

idiopathic disorder

A

An illness without known cause.

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62
Q

infectious disease

A

Illness caused by a living pathogenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses.

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63
Q

inguinal

A

Relating to the groin; refers to the entire lower portion of the abdomen including the groin.

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64
Q

medial

A

The direction toward or nearer the midline.

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65
Q

mesentery

A

The fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall.

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66
Q

midsagittal plane

A

The vertical plane that divides the body, from top to bottom, into equal left and right halves.

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67
Q

nosocomial infection

A

A disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting.

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68
Q

pandemic

A

A disease outbreak occurring over a large geographic area, possibly worldwide.

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69
Q

pelvic cavity

A

The space formed by the hip bones that contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems.

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70
Q

peritoneum

A

The multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity.

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71
Q

peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum.

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72
Q

phenylketonuria

A

A genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing.

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73
Q

physiology

A

The study of the functions of the body structures.

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74
Q

posterior

A

Situated in back or on the back part of an organ.

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75
Q

proximal

A

Situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure.

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76
Q

retroperitoneal

A

Located behind the peritoneum.

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77
Q

stem cells

A

Unspecialized cells that renew themselves for long periods of time through cell division.

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78
Q

thoracic cavity

A

The cavity that surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs; also known as the chest cavity.

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79
Q

transverse plane

A

The horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

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80
Q

umbilicus

A

The pit in the center of the abdominal wall that marks where the umbilical cord was attached before birth.

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81
Q

vector-borne transmission

A

The spread of a disease due to the bite of a vector capable of transmitting that disease.

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82
Q

ventral

A

Refers to the front or belly side of the body or organ.

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83
Q

anatomic position

A

the body standing in the standard position; standing straight so that the body is erect and facing forward, holding the arms at the sides with the hands turned so that the palms face forward to the front

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84
Q

vertical plane

A

an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon

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85
Q

sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right positions

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86
Q

frontal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. Also known as the coronal plane, it is located at right angles to the sagittal plane

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87
Q

horizontal plane

A

a flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon

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88
Q

lateral

A

toward the side and away from the midline

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89
Q

superior

A

uppermost, above, or toward the head

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90
Q

inferior

A

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

91
Q

body cavities

A

the dorsal and ventral cavities; spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

92
Q

dorsal cavity

A

located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and is divided into two portions. It is divided into the cranial and spinal cavity.

93
Q

cranial cavity

A

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

94
Q

spinal cavity

A

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

95
Q

ventral cavity

A

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis. The ventral cavity is divided into the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities.

96
Q

homeostasis

A

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

97
Q

thoracic cavity

A

also known as the chest cavity or thorax, surrounds and protects the heart and lungs. The diaphragm is a muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities

98
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

contains the major organs of digestion. Frequently referred to as just the abdomen

99
Q

pelvic cavity

A

the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems

100
Q

abdominopelvic cavity

A

refers to the two cavities as a single unit bc there is no division between the abdominal and pelvic cavities

101
Q

regions of the thorax and abdomen

A

uprise a descriptive system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts: the right and left hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, right and left lumbar regions, umbilical region, right and left iliac regions, hypogastric region

102
Q

right and left hypochondriac regions

A

covered by the lower ribs. Below the ribs.

103
Q

Epigastric region

A

located above the stomach

104
Q

right and left lumbar regions

A

located near the inward curve of the spine. The term lumbar describes the part of the back between the ribs and the pelvis.

105
Q

umbilical region

A

surrounds the umbilicus, which is commonly known as the belly button. This pit in the enter of the abdominal wall marks the point where the umbilical cord was attached before birth

106
Q

right and left iliac regions

A

located near the hip bones

107
Q

hypogastric region

A

located below the stomach

108
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

109
Q

visceral peritoneum

A

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

110
Q

cells

A

basic structural and functional units of the body

111
Q

cytology

A

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

112
Q

cytologist

A

a specialist in the study and analysis of the cell

113
Q

cell membrane

A

the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

114
Q

cytoplasm

A

the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

115
Q

nucleus

A

surrounded by the nuclear membrane, is a structure within the cell. It controls the activities of the cell and helps divide the cell

116
Q

Adult stem cells

A

also known as somatic stem cells, are undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ. They maintain and repair the tissue in which they are found.

117
Q

undifferentiated

A

not having a specialized function or structure

118
Q

differentiated

A

having a specialized function or structure

119
Q

hemopoietic

A

blood forming tissue

120
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; however, they have the ability to form any adult cell. These can proliferate, transplant does not require a perfect match, come from the cord blood in the umbilical cord, can be obtained from surplus embryos produced by in vitro fertilization

121
Q

gene

A

a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity.

122
Q

geneticist

A

a specialist in the field of how genes are transferred from parents to children and the role of genes in health and disease

123
Q

dominant gene

A

when inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition or characteristic

124
Q

recessive gene

A

when inherited from both parents, the offspring will have that condition; otherwise, will not have that condition if only inherited from one parent

125
Q

genome

A

the complete set of genetic info or an organism

126
Q

chromosome

A

a genetic structure located within the nucleus or each cell. made up of DNA molecules containing the body’s genes.

127
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell of the body except the gametes.

128
Q

gamete

A

sex cell; the only type of cell that does not contain 46 chromosomes

129
Q

genetic mutation

A

a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule. Potential causes of genetic mutation include exposure to radiation or environmental pollution

130
Q

somatic cell mutation

A

a change within the cels of the body. Often cannot be transmitted to the next generation

131
Q

gametic cell mutation

A

a change within the genes in a gamete that can be transmitted by a parent to his or her children

132
Q

genetic engineering

A

the manipulating or splicing of genes for scientific or medical purposes. The production of human insulin from modified bacteria is an example of one result of genetic engineering.

133
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems

134
Q

Down syndrome

A

a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease.

135
Q

hemophilia

A

a group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. The blood coagulation is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following injury.

136
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. Each child of a parent with the gene for Huntington’s disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting this defective gene. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife. Eventually results in uncontrolled movements and the loss of some mental abilities

137
Q

Muscular dystrophy

A

a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement.

138
Q

epithelial tissue

A

forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body. These tissues also form glands

139
Q

Epithelium

A

the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes

140
Q

endothelium

A

the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

141
Q

connective tissues

A

support and connect organs and other body tissues. The four kinds of connective tissues include dense connective tissues, adipose tissue, loose connective tissue, liquid connective tissues

142
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

includes bone and cartilage, form the joins and framework of the body

143
Q

adipose tissue

A

also known as fat, provides protective padding, insulation, and support

144
Q

loose connective tissue

A

surrounds various organs and supports both nerve cells and blood vessels

145
Q

liquid connective tissues

A

blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste product throughout the body

146
Q

muscle tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

147
Q

nerve tissue

A

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

148
Q

aplasia

A

the defective development or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue

149
Q

hypoplasia

A

the incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

150
Q

anaplasia

A

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other. Characteristic of tumor development in cancers

151
Q

dysplasia

A

the abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs

152
Q

hyperplasia

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissues

153
Q

hypertrophy

A

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not in the number, of cells in the tissues. This enlargement is not due to tumor formation

154
Q

adenoids

A

a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of upper pharynx

155
Q

skeletal system

A

bones, joints, cartilage. Supports and shapes the body. Protects the internal organs. Forms she blood cells and stores minerals

156
Q

Muscular system

A

muscles, fascia, tendons. Holds the body fret. Makes movement possible. Moves body fluids and generates body heat.

157
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood. Blood circulates throughout the body to transport oxygen and nutrients to cells, and to carry waste products to the kidneys where waste is removed by filtration

158
Q

lymphatic system

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymph nodes. removes and transports waste products from the fluid between the cells. Destroys harmful substances such as pathogens and cancer cells in the lymph nodes. Returns the filtered lymph to the bloodstream where it becomes plasma again

159
Q

Immune system

A

tonsils, spleen, thymus, skin, and specialized blood cells. Defends the body against invading pathogens and allergens.

160
Q

Respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, trachea, larynx, and lungs. Brings oxygen into the body for transportation to the cells. Removes carbon dioxide and some water waste from the body

161
Q

digestive system

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas. digests ingested food so it can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Eliminates solid waste

162
Q

urinary system

A

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra. Filters blood to remove waste. Maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance within the body

163
Q

nervous system

A

nerves, brain, spinal cord. Coordinates the reception of stimuli. Transmits messages throughout the body.

164
Q

Special sense

A

eyes and ears. Receive visual and auditory info and transmit it to the brain

165
Q

Integumentary System

A

skin, sebaceous glands, sweat glands. Protects the body against invasion by bacteria. Aids in regulating the body temperature and water content.

166
Q

Endocrine system

A

adrenal glands, gonads, pancreas, parathyroids, pineal, pituitary, thymus, thyroid. integrates all body functions

167
Q

reproductive systems

A

male: penis and testicles; female: ovaries, uterus, vagina. Produces new life.

168
Q

pathogen

A

disease-producing microorganism such as a virus

169
Q

transmission

A

the spread of disease

170
Q

contamination

A

a pathogen is possibly present. occurs through a lack of proper hygiene standards or by failure to take appropriate infection control precautions

171
Q

indirect contact transmission

A

situations in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface. Frequent hand washing is essential for the prevention of disease transmission

172
Q

droplet transmission

A

the spread of diseases such as measles, cold, and flu through large respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person or object. The use of a facemask as a precaution helps limit this type of transmission, which is a primary cause of nosocomial infections

173
Q

airborne transmission

A

occurs through contact with germs floating in the air. When someone coughs or sneezes, certain pathogens can remain airborne for a long period of time, infecting someone even after the sick person is gone. Includes tuberculosis, measles and chicken pox.

174
Q

food-borne and waterborne transmission

A

also known as fecal-oral transmission, is caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present

175
Q

epidemiologist

A

a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

176
Q

dem/i

A

population

177
Q

epi-

A

above

178
Q

en-

A

within

179
Q

pan-

A

entire

180
Q

organic disorder

A

produces symptoms caused by detectable physical changes in the body. For example, chicken pox, which has a characteristic rash, is an organic disorder caused by a virus

181
Q

developmental disorder

A

also known as a birth defect, can result in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe.

182
Q

atresia

A

describes a congenital absence of a normal body opening or the failure of a structure to be tubular. For example, anal atresia is the congenital absence of an opening at the bottom end of the anus; pulmonary atresia is the absence of a pulmonary valve

183
Q

prenatal influences

A

the mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery.

184
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A

caused by a mother’s consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Baby is characterized by physical and behavioral traits, including growth abnormalities, mental retardation, brain damage, and socialization difficulties.

185
Q

premature birth

A

a birth that occurs earlier than 37 weeks of development, can cause serious health problems bc the baby’s body systems have not had time to form completely. Breathing difficulties and heart problems are common

186
Q

birth injuries

A

congenital disorders that were not present before the events surrounding the time of birth. For example, cerebral palsy, which is the result of brain damage, can be caused by premature birth or inadequate oxygen to the brain during the birth process

187
Q

geriatrics/gerontology

A

the study of the medical problems and care of older people

188
Q

postmortem

A

after death

189
Q

autopsy

A

a postmortem examination

190
Q

Allied health professionals

A

include roles outside of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy. They are essential parts of healthcare teams

191
Q

general practitioner or family practice physician

A

provides ongoing care for patients of all ages

192
Q

internist

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the internal organs and related body systems

193
Q

pediatrician

A

a physician who specializes in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of children and infants. This specialty is known as pediatrics

194
Q

nurse practitioner (NP)

A

a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider

195
Q

physician assistant (PA)

A

a licensed professional who works under the supervision of a physician.

196
Q

medical receptionist

A

schedules and registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant

197
Q

medical assistant or clinical medical assistant

A

performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office, such as coding patients’ medical info, measuring patients’ vital signs, administering injections and drawing blood.

198
Q

certified medical assistant (CMA)

A

a medical assistant certified through the American Association of Medical Assistants

199
Q

medical coder

A

reviews patients’ medical records and assigns appropriate codes for treatment and services provided to each patient based on codes for medial diagnoses, equipment, and procedures

200
Q

Emergency room or Emergency department

A

focuses on diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions.

201
Q

emergency physician

A

a doctor who specializes in high-acuity medicine in the ER. Acuity refers to the level of severity of an illness

202
Q

Emergency medical technician (EMT)

A

a licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting on an ambulance, or in an emergency room

203
Q

registered nurse (RN)

A

a licensed health care professional who works in a variety of heath care settings. RNs assess patients and provide care following a doctor’s orders

204
Q

Licensed vocational nurse (LVN) or licensed practical nurse (LPN)

A

work under the supervision of a doctor or registered nurse to provide basic patient care

205
Q

certified nursing assistant (CNA)

A

works under the supervision of a RN to provide patient care

206
Q

pharmacist

A

a licensed medical professional who dispenses prescribed medication to patients

207
Q

intensive care unit (ICU) or critical care unit

A

provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients. Some hospitals have specialized ICUs for burn and trauma patients, cardiac patients, or neurological patients

208
Q

intensivist

A

a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU

209
Q

hospitalist

A

a physician focusing on general medical care of hospitalized patients

210
Q

telemetry

A

this unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care.

211
Q

medical/surgical

A

this unit provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring

212
Q

anatomy and physiology

A

A&P

213
Q

communicable disease

A

CD

214
Q

chromosome

A

CH, chr

215
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid

A

DNA

216
Q

epidemic

A

epid

217
Q

general practitioner

A

GP

218
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

HD

219
Q

left lower quadrant

A

LLQ

220
Q

left upper quadrant

A

LUQ

221
Q

physician assistant

A

PA

222
Q

right lower quadrant

A

RLQ

223
Q

right upper quadrant

A

RUQ

Medical Terminology (15 decks)

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