Chapter 2

Question 1

a hybrid term applied to the analysis of those handicaps in unman cognitive functioning that result from brain injury and other neurophysiological effects on cognition

Answer 1

cognitive neuroscience

Question 2

Tulving’s term for the portion of long-term memory in which personally experienced information is stored (contrast with semantic memory)

Answer 2

Episodic memory

Question 3

The long-term memory component in which general world knowledge is stored (contrast with episodic memory)

Answer 3

Semantic memory

Question 4

Pattern of abilities and performance, especially among brain-damaged patients, revealing that one cognitive process can be disrupted while another remains intact. In a double dissociation, two patients show opposite patterns of disruption and preserved function, further evidence that the cognitive processes are functionally and anatomically separate

Answer 4

Dissociation

Question 5

Complete separation

Answer 5

double dissociation

Question 6

semantic retrieval (retrieving the meaning of a concept) could be intact while lexical retrieval (finding the name for the concept) could be disrupted

Answer 6

Anomia

Question 7

Lack of dissociation

Answer 7

Association

Question 8

A specialized cell that conducts neural information through the nervous system; the basic building block of the nervous system

Answer 8

Neuron

Question 9

The change in electrical charge that occurs when a neuron “fires.” Neural firing follows the all-or-none principle, resulting in all __________ being the same

Answer 9

Action potential

Question 10

The movement of an action potential from dendrites, through the soma, and down the axon

Answer 10

Propagated

Question 11

The idea that either s neuron fires or it does not, with all action potentials being the same

Answer 11

All-or-none principle

Question 12

Junction of two neurons; the small gap between the terminal buttons of one neuron and the dendrites of another; as a verb, to form a junction with another neuron

Answer 12

Synapse

Question 13

Neuron releases a chemical transmitter substance

Answer 13

Neurotransmitter

Question 14

Neurotransmitter that may be involved in strengthening neural connections during long-term potentiation

Answer 14

Acetylcholine

Question 15

Neurotransmitter that is involved in the creation of new memories

Answer 15

Norepinephrine

Question 16

An excitatory neurotransmitter involved in strengthening connections between neurons during learning

Answer 16

Glutamate

Question 17

An inhibitory neurotransmitter involved in weakening connections between neurons during learning

Answer 17

GABA

Question 18

The temporary (days, weeks, or months) strengthening of connections between neurons as a temporary storage of memories prior to consolidation

Answer 18

Long-term potentiation

Question 19

The more permanent establishment of memories in the neural architecture

Answer 19

Consolidation

Question 20

Creation of new neurons. This may be involved in memory formation even into adulthood

Answer 20

Neurogenesis

Question 21

Top layer of the brain, newest (neo-) in terms of the evolution of the species, divided into left and right hemispheres; the locus of most higher-level mental processes

Answer 21

Neocortex; cerebral cortex

Question 22

“Inner room;” “inner chamber;” “gateway to the cortex”) major relay station from the sensory systems of the body to the cortex; almost all messages entering the cortex come through this

Answer 22

Thalamus

Question 23

The fiber neurons that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Answer 23

Corpus callosum

Question 24

An internal brain structure, just internal to the temporal lobes, strongly implicated in the storing of new information into long-term memory

Answer 24

Hippocampus

Question 25

An almond-shaped structure adjacent to one end of the hippocampus, often involved in emotion processing

Answer 25

Amygdala

Question 26

(Of the brain) frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal

Answer 26

Lobes

Question 27

Most forward part of the cortex, and important for the control of thought and action

Answer 27

Frontal lobe

Question 28

Portion of the cortex on the top, behind the frontal lobe and in front of the occipital lobe. This part of the cortex is important for sensory processing, spatial processing, and working memory

Answer 28

Parietal lobe

Question 29

Lobe at the back of the brain that is most heavily involved in vision

Answer 29

Occipital lobe

Question 30

Lobe of the cortex on the sides, below the frontal and parietal lobes. This lobe is important for audition and memory

Answer 30

Temporal lobe

Question 31

Numbered areas of the cortex that were identified by an analysis of physical differences in different parts of the brain. Useful in locating general ideas of the cortex

Answer 31

Brodmann's areas

Question 32

(Left and right) the two major structures in the neocortex. In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere is especially responsible for language and other symbolic processing, and the right for nonverbal, perceptual processing

Answer 32

Cerebral hemisphere

Question 33

The principle that control of one side of the body is localized in the opposite-side cerebral hemisphere. The fact that the left hand, for instance, is largely under the control of the right cerebral hemisphere illustrates the principle of _________.

Answer 33

Contralaterality

Question 34

The principle that each cerebral hemisphere has specialized functions and abilities

Answer 34

Hemisphere specialization

Question 35

The principle that different functions or actions within the brain tend to be localized in one or the other hemisphere. For instance, motor control of the left side of the body is lateralized in the right hemisphere of the brain

Answer 35

Cerebral lateralization

Question 36

Refers to patients in whom the corpus callosum has been severed surgically and the resultant changes in their performance because of the surgery or, more generally, to research showing various specializations of the two cerebral hemispheres

Answer 36

Split-brain

Question 37

The band of cortex at the front of the parietal lobes responsible for processing sensory information from throughout the body

Answer 37

Sensory cortex

Question 38

The band of cortex at the back of the frontal lobe responsible for processing information about voluntary muscle movements throughout the body

Answer 38

motor cortex

Question 39

Neurons in the cortex specialized for planning and executing one's own movement, as well as simulating the movement of others that are being observed

Answer 39

mirror neurons

Question 40

The neural pathway across the top of the cortex, stemming from visual processing areas in the occipital lobe, primarily responsible for processing information about where things are in the world

Answer 40

dorsal pathway

Question 41

The neural pathway along the bottom of the cortex, stemming from visual processing areas in the occipital lobe, primarily responsible for processing information about what things are in the world

Answer 41

ventral pathway

Question 42

The properties that emerges from collections of elements working together to create a new process of property that the individual elements lack

Answer 42

emergent properties

Question 43

Inserting a microelectrode into the brain to record the activity of a single cell

Answer 43

single cell recording

Question 44

refer to a recent development in cognitive theory, based on the notions that the several levels of knowledge necessary for performance can be represented as massive, interconnected networks; that performance consists of a high level of parallel processing among the several levels of knowledge; and that the basic building block of these interconnected networks is the simple connection between nodes stored in memory

Answer 44

connectionist; connectionism; neural net modeling; PDP modeling

Question 45

A computer-based technique for modeling complex systems where simple nodes or units that make up the system are interconnected is referred to as a

Answer 45

parallel distributed processing model.

Question 46

The pattern of dissociation is

Answer 46

a disruption in one component of mental functioning but no impairment of another.

Question 47

The top layer of the brain, responsible for higher-level mental processes.

Answer 47

neocortex

Question 48

The ________ pathway of visual information determines where things are in space, while the _________ pathway determines what things are.

Answer 48

dorsal; ventral

Question 49

This neuroinvestigative technique provides good information on "when" a mental process occurs but does not provide very good information on "where" in the brain that process occurs.

Answer 49

EEG

Question 50

Information is received by a neuron through the _____ and is transmitted towards other neurons through the ______.

Answer 50

dendrites; axon

Question 51

The receptive and control centers for one side of the body are in the opposite hemisphere of the brain. This is referred to as

Answer 51

contralaterality

Question 52

``` Which of the following is NOT a type of neurotransmitter? Acetylcholine Dopamine Insulin Glutamate ```

Answer 52

Insulin

Question 53

Long-term potentiation is the

Answer 53

strengthening of connection between neurons.

Question 54

The brain measuring technique called _________ uses x-rays to image the structures of the brain, while _________ uses magnetic fields to image brain structures.

Answer 54

CT scans; MRIs