Chapter 2

Question 1

The combination and interrelation of the skeletal system (bones and joints), the muscular system (ligaments, tendons, muscles, and fascia) and the nervous system (peripheral and central nerves). The kinetic chain.

Answer 1

Human Movement System

Question 2

One of the primary organ systems in the body. Is a combination of billions of cells that communicate with one another in a network within the body.

Answer 2

Nervous System

Question 3

The central nervous system (CNS) is made up of the ____ and ____

Answer 3

Spinal cord and brain

Question 4

The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves that connect the ____ and ____ to the rest of the human body.

Answer 4

Spinal cord and brain

Question 5

The ability of the nervous system to notice changes in their external or internal environment.

Answer 5

Sensory function

Question 6

This is the neuromuscular (Muscular and nervous system) response to sensory information. For example your body’s response by muscular contraction when you touch burning hot metal.

Answer 6

Motor function

Question 7

The ability that the nervous system has to interpret and analyze sensory information. This allows for adequate decision-making and producing the correct response.

Answer 7

Integrative function

Question 8

Name the three main functions of the nervous system

Answer 8

Integrative function, Motor function, & Sensory function

Question 9

This is the cumulative sensory input to the CNS (Central nervous system) from all of the various mechanoreceptors that can sense limb movement and body position. Proprioception training improves coordination, posture, and balance.

Answer 9

Proprioception

Question 10

Proprioception training improves ____, ____, and ____.

Answer 10

Coordination, posture, and balance

Question 11

This is the functional unit of the nervous system. The nervous system is made up of billions of neurons. This allows it to communicate outside with the environment as well as internally with itself. Neuron’s transmit impulses through chemical and electrical signals. Neuron’s form the core of the spinal cord, brain and peripheral ganglia that make up the nervous system.

Answer 11

Neuron

Question 12

Name the three main parts of a neuron

Answer 12

Cell body, axon, and dendrites

Question 13

This is a type of nerve cell that conducts impulses to the central nervous system from a sense organ.

Answer 13

Sensory neurons (afferent)

Question 14

Interneurons send nerve in pulses between one another.

Answer 14

Interneurons

Question 15

This is a type of nerve cell that sends impulses to glands, muscles and other effectors. Stimulates muscle contraction to initiate movement.

Answer 15

Motor neurons (efferent)

Question 16

The CNS or central nervous system is made up of your brain and spinal cord

Answer 16

Central nervous system

Question 17

The PNS or peripheral nervous system branches out from your central nervous system to connect it with the rest of your body.

Answer 17

Peripheral nervous system

Question 18

Specialized receptors that respond to pressure inside of tissues and transmit signals through sensory nerves. These respond to forces such as motion, sound waves, pressure, stretching and touch. It can sense the various distortions in the human body.

Answer 18

Mechanoreceptors

Question 19

These are sensory receptors that sit parallel to muscular fibers. These special spindles are able to detect the length of a muscle and how fast it changes length. This helps to regulate the contraction of muscles by way of the stretch reflex mechanism. Its purpose is to help prevent and protect over stretching that could lead to muscular damage.

Answer 19

Muscle spindles

Question 20

Golgi tendon organs or GTO is another type of specialized sensory receptor. They are found where tendons attached to skeletal muscular fibers. These receptors can sense the change in muscular tension and the rate that this tension changes. When you activate the Golgi tendon organ it will cause a muscle to relax. This is to help prevent injury from excess stress and contraction.

Answer 20

Golgi tendon organs

Question 21

These receptors are located around the joint capsule. They respond to acceleration, deceleration, and pressure at the joint. They are able to sense extreme joint positions and send signals in order to prevent injuries.

Answer 21

Joint receptors

Question 22

This is the body’s framework that is comprised of joints and bones. It provides the focus and shapes for bodies. It also creates blood for the human body and stores minerals. The functionality, growth, and maturation of the skeletal system can be affected by activity, nutrition, and posture.

Answer 22

Skeletal system

Question 23

Provide protection for vital organs and a resting place for muscles.

Answer 23

Bones

Question 24

These are the junctions for muscles, bones and connective tissues where movement occurs. It is also known as articulation.

Answer 24

Joints

Question 25

The area of the skeletal system that contains the rib cage, skull, and vertebral column. It consists of 80 bones.

Answer 25

Axial skeleton | Including # of bones

Question 26

This is the area of the skeletal system that consists of the lower and upper extremities. It’s basically the legs, arms, appendage in appendicular. This contains 126 bones.

Answer 26

Appendicular skeleton (Including # of bones)

Question 27

This is the process of formation and resorption of bone. Is the process where the older bone is broken down and taken away by osteoclasts and new bone is made to replace it with cells called osteoblasts.

Answer 27

Remodeling

Question 28

The cells that help remove bone tissue.

Answer 28

Osteoclasts

Question 29

The cells that help create new bone tissue.

Answer 29

Osteoblasts

Question 30

Located at the end of long bones and a place that contains a large portion of red marrow involved in the production of red blood cells. This is one of the main locations for bone growth.

Answer 30

Epiphysis

Question 31

This is the long portion of the bone that is considered the shaft. It is much more compact and strong.

Answer 31

Diaphysis

Question 32

This is the area of the long bone that connects the epiphysis to the diaphysis. This is a dividing layer of cartilage in cells that grow lengthwise to create the diaphysis.

Answer 32

Epiphyseal plate

Question 33

This is the dense and fibrous outer layer where muscles attach and a more delicate layer inside that can create bone.

Answer 33

Periosteum

Question 34

This is the location where bone marrow is stored and where blood cell formation happens. Is a small cavity that is located in the shaft of the bone.

Answer 34

Medullary Cavity

Question 35

This is the inelastic, flexible yet firm type of connective tissue that is located at the end of bones at the joint.

Answer 35

Articular Cartilage (Hyaline)

Question 36

These are flat areas of a bone.

Answer 36

Depressions

Question 37

This is a part of the bone where ligaments in muscle attach.

Answer 37

Processes

Question 38

Made up of 24 bones that create the spinal column. There are 5 lumbar, 12 thoracic and 7 cervical.

Answer 38

Vertebral column | Including # of bones total: # of lumbar, # of thoracic, & # of cervical

Question 39

This is the description of joint surfaces when bones are put through a range of motion.

Answer 39

Arthrokinematics

Question 40

These are joined bones that have a fibrous joint capsule. These joints produce synovial fluid that kind of looks like egg whites to protect the joints. Approximately eighty percent of joints in the human body are synovial joints.

Answer 40

``` Synovial joints (including % of these joints in body) ```

Question 41

These are joints that are non-movable and exclude the joint cartilage, capsule, and ligaments. Mostly found in the distal joint of the fibula and tibia as well as the skull.

Answer 41

Non-synovial joints

Question 42

This is what connects bones to other bones and helps joint support.

Answer 42

Ligaments

Question 43

The full collection of all of the muscles in the human body.

Answer 43

Muscular system

Question 44

This is the layer of muscular connective tissue on the outside.

Answer 44

Epimysium

Question 45

This is the muscular connective tissue in the middle that encompasses the muscle fascicle.

Answer 45

Perimysium

Question 46

The deepest layer of the muscular connective tissue that covers muscle fibers.

Answer 46

Endomysium

Question 47

Connect skeletal muscles to the bone with a band of white, inelastic, dense and tough band of tissue.

Answer 47

Tendons

Question 48

This is the functional unit of a muscle that produces contractions. It is comprised of actin and myosin. This is the repeating section of a muscle.

Answer 48

Sarcomere

Question 49

This is the process of nervous system activation of a muscle fiber by the means of the neuromuscular junction.

Answer 49

Neural Activation

Question 50

The motor neuron as well as all of the muscle fiber that it innervates.

Answer 50

Motor unit

Question 51

These are small chemical messengers that are able to cross the neuromuscular synapse (junction) in order to transmit these and electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle.

Answer 51

Neurotransmitters

Question 52

These are also known as endurance fibers. They are smaller, produce less power, receive more oxygen and are more mitochondrial dense.

Answer 52

Muscle Fiber Type I (slow twitch)

Question 53

These do not have as much endurance, have less oxygen delivery, have short-term contractions, can produce more force and power and are larger than type I fibers.

Answer 53

Muscle Fiber Type II (fast twitch)

Question 54

These have a low oxidative capacity and are quick to fatigue.

Answer 54

Muscle Type IIx

Question 55

These have a higher oxidative capacity and will fatigue slower than type IIx. Another name for these is intermediate fast twitch muscle fibers.

Answer 55

Muscle Type IIa

Question 56

What is the process where the nervous system stimulates a muscle in the body to contract? Another name for it is the sliding filament theory.

Answer 56

Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Question 57

What are the 4 primary functions that muscles are categorized into?

Answer 57

Stabilizer, synergist, agonist, and antagonist

Question 58

This is the prime mover

Answer 58

Agonist muscles

Question 59

This assists and helps the prime mover

Answer 59

Synergist muscles

Question 60

These help with stabilizing the joints and the body during movement

Answer 60

Stabilizer muscles

Question 61

These muscles relax in order to permit the prime mover to do its work

Answer 61

Antagonist muscles

Question 62

Name 3 mechanoreceptors

Answer 62

Muscle spindles, joint receptors, and golgi tendons