Chapter 2 Aerodynamics

Question 1

What causes an airplane (except a T-tail) to pitch nose down when power is reduced and controls are not adjusted?

Answer 1

The downwash on the elevators from the propeller slipstream is reduced and elevator effectiveness is reduced.

Question 2

The critical angle of attack at which the wing stalls ___

Answer 2

Never changes, regardless of airplane weight

Question 3

As the airplane become airborne and flies out of ground effect, the wing’s downwash…

Answer 3

Increases

Question 4

At a relatively slow speed ( such as during takeoff), the wing’s engineered curve isn’t capable of curving or deflecting enough air in which direction to produce the necessary lift for flight?

Answer 4

Downward

Question 5

A good reason to use maximum endurance speed is..

Answer 5

to minimize fuel consumption, e.g., while waiting for the weather to clear

Question 6

Wings are expressly built to plow through air molecules separating them either above or below while offering little resistance in the ___ direction

Answer 6

Horizontal

Question 7

Since high pressure always moves toward low pressure, the wing ( which just happens to be in the way) is pushed ___ in the process.

Answer 7

Upward

Question 8

The minimum forward speed of the airplane is called the ____ speed

Answer 8

Stall

Question 9

The most important rule to remember int he event of a power failure after becoming airborne is to

Answer 9

Immediately establish the proper gliding attitude and airspeed

Question 10

Once the airplane is no longer stalled it should be put back in the desired attitude while making sure you don’t ___ again

Answer 10

Stall

Question 11

When operating in ground effect what happens to induced drag?

Answer 11

Induced drag decreases; therefore, any excess speed at the point of flare may cause considerable floating

Question 12

Increasing the airplane’s weight will not affect the ___ of attack at which the airplane stalls

Answer 12

Angle

Question 13

Drag is the airplane’s natural response to an object’s movement through the ___

Answer 13

Air

Question 14

With respect to the certification of aircraft, which are categories of aircraft?

Answer 14

Normal, Utility, Acrobatic

Question 15

Wind deflected downward by the airfoil creates a/an ___ movement of the wing.

Answer 15

Upward

Question 16

When induced and parasite drag curves are added together, they produce the ___ curve

Answer 16

Total Drag

Question 17

If an airplane stalls, the first step in recovering is to decrease the angle of attack by moving the elevator control ___ or releasing ___ on the elevator control

Answer 17

forward, back pressure

Question 18

As the angle of attack exceeds approximately 18 degrees the air molecules flowing over the wing don’t negotiate the turn very well. When this happens, they spin off or burble into the free air, no longer providing a uniform, high-velocity, laminar airflow over the wing. The wing ___

Answer 18

Stalls

Question 19

An important principle to understand when dealing with angle of attack is that the nose (therefore the wing) can be pointed on an incline that’s ___ the actual climb path.

Answer 19

Different from

Question 20

Wingtip vortex action increases with an increase in

Answer 20

Angle of attack

Question 21

What’s the reason for putting flaps on airplanes

Answer 21

To create the lift necessary to maintain flight at slower airspeeds

Question 22

When the control wheel (or stick) is turned to the right or left, the ailerons simultaneously move in ___.

Answer 22

different directions

Question 23

Wing tip vortices rotate which way about the wingtip?

Answer 23

Outward, upward and inward

Question 24

P-factor is more likely to cause the airplane to yaw to the left…

Answer 24

at high angles of attack

Question 25

Because of the larger angle of attack and greater curvature, flaps provide you with ___ lift for a given airspeed

Answer 25

More

Question 26

What is an important airspeed limitation that is not color coded on airspeed indicators?

Answer 26

Maneuvering speed

Question 27

Induced drag is resistance to motion induced by the wing turning some of its ___ into ___

Answer 27

Lift, Drag

Question 28

To prevent structural damage to the airplane during turbulence,

Answer 28

Maintain flight at or below the airplane's design maneuvering speed.

Question 29

The four forces acting on an airplane are

Answer 29

Lift, weight, thrust, drag

Question 30

In what flight condition must an aircraft be placed in order to spin?

Answer 30

Stalled

Question 31

Parasite drag is caused by ...

Answer 31

friction of protruding airplane parts with the air

Question 32

As the airplane speeds up, induced drag ___ while parasite drag

Answer 32

Decreases, Increases

Question 33

The beginning of the white arc is known as the...

Answer 33

Power-off, full-flap stalling speed

Question 34

Ground effect results from a/an ___ in induced drag

Answer 34

Decrease

Question 35

The angle of attack at which an airplane wing stalls will ___

Answer 35

remain the same regardless of gross weight

Question 36

Which V-speed represents maneuvering speed?

Answer 36

Va

Question 37

You can determine an airplane's best glide speed

Answer 37

by referring to the POH or the owner's manual.

Question 38

Recalling that effective lift always acts ___ to the relative wind, when the angle of attack increases, the total lift force tilts ___ slightly.

Answer 38

Perpendicular, rearward

Question 39

High velocity airflow over the wing causes a slight decrease in pressure on the wing's upper surface. In other words, the pressure on ___ the wing is now ___ than the pressure on bottom of the wing.

Answer 39

Top, less

Question 40

Airplanes ___ about their lateral axix

Answer 40

Pitch

Question 41

Upon encountering severe turbulence, which flight condition should the pilot attempt to maintain?

Answer 41

Level flight attitude

Question 42

Induced drag is

Answer 42

the rearward pull of the total lifting force.

Question 43

High pressure on the botoom of the wing causes air molecules to move sideways (toward the wingtip) in the direction of ___ pressure on top of the wing. This action is responsible for the creation of ___

Answer 43

Lower, wingtip vortices

Question 44

The sum of the parasite and induced drag curves reveals a point on the total drag curve where drag is at a minimum. the speed associated with this point is

Answer 44

The airplane's maximum power-off glide range

Question 45

What is one purpose of wing flaps?

Answer 45

To enable the pilot to make steeper approaches to a landing without increasing the airspeed

Question 46

Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?

Answer 46

Frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the wings, thereby decreasing lifting capability.

Question 47

Frost on the airfoil ___ the airplane's stalling speed

Answer 47

Increases

Question 48

When are the four forces that act on an airplane in equilibrium?

Answer 48

During unaccelerated flight

Question 49

The purpose of ailerons is to ___ the airplane in the direction you desire to turn

Answer 49

Bank

Question 50

Relative wind is ___ which way the airplane's nose is pointed.

Answer 50

Independent of

Question 51

Because of the wing's shape, even at a very small angle of attack, a cambered wing adds a slight curve and ___ to the wind.

Answer 51

Acceleration

Question 52

Parasite drag is the result of

Answer 52

Friction

Question 53

The wingtip vortex not only spirals around the wingtip, it also adds a/an ___ to the air behind and along the wing's span

Answer 53

Downward flow

Question 54

What are the most important parts of your anatomy for avoiding stalls?

Answer 54

Your brain, for planning to avoid steep turns near the ground and your butt for sensing G-force which helps alert you to an increase in stall speed

Question 55

As airspeed doubles, parasite drag ___

Answer 55

Quadruples

Question 56

Which direction does the trim tab move relative to the primary control surface it affects?

Answer 56

Opposite

Question 57

As an airplane's airspeed doubles, parasite drag...

Answer 57

Quadruples

Question 58

Whether an airplane exceeds its critical angle of attack is independent of...

Answer 58

attitude or airspeed

Question 59

An increase in weight (apparent or real) means the wings must develop more ___ to remain airborne

Answer 59

lift

Question 60

All wings have what?

Answer 60

a critical angle of attack

Question 61

One of the main functions of flaps during approach and landing is to...

Answer 61

Increase the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed

Question 62

When the flaps are lowered, the lowered trailing edge ___ the curvature on part of the wing, resulting in increased air velocity over the wing's upper surface.

Answer 62

Increases

Question 63

Airplanes climb because of

Answer 63

Excess thrust

Question 64

The chord line is used to represent

Answer 64

The general shape of the wing

Question 65

What force makes and airplane turn?

Answer 65

The horizontal component of lift

Question 66

The purpose of the trim tab is to ___ control pressure required of the pilot

Answer 66

eliminate

Question 67

Gound effect allows an airplane flying close to the runway to become or remain airborne at a slightly ___ speed

Answer 67

Lower-than-normal

Question 68

Lift acts at a ___ degree angle to the relative wind

Answer 68

90

Question 69

Airplanes roll about what axis?

Answer 69

The Longitudinal axis

Question 70

Which of the following may indicate the onset of a stall?

Answer 70

Stall horn sounding, diminished control response, noticeable buffet

Question 71

Not using the rudder during a turn will result in ___ turn

Answer 71

An uncoordinated

Question 72

The two basic forms of drag are:

Answer 72

Parasite and induced drag

Question 73

Which basic flight maneuver increases the load factor on an airplane as compared to straight-and-level flight?

Answer 73

A turn

Question 74

At small angles of attack induced drag is at its highest or lowest point?

Answer 74

lowest

Question 75

in the "region of reversed command," slower level flight requires...

Answer 75

more power

Question 76

Ground effect is most likely to result in which situation?

Answer 76

Becoming airborne before reaching recommended takeoff speed

Question 77

During landing, as the airplane enters ground effect and the downwash diminishes, the nose tends to pitch...

Answer 77

Downward

Question 78

If the wing stalls, you need to do one very important thing:

Answer 78

Reduce the angle of attack to less than its critical value

Question 79

It's possible, when attempting to climb out of ground effect, to become airborne without sufficient climb speed, then attempt to climb and have the nose ___ slightly

Answer 79

pitch up

Question 80

Air flowing faster over a curved surface causes a slight ___ in pressure on that surface

Answer 80

Decrease

Question 81

The definition of chord enables us to understand

Answer 81

The angle the wind meets a wing that may vary in size and shape

Question 82

When the weight of an airplane is increased, the airplane stalls at ___ indicated speed.

Answer 82

a higher

Question 83

As the angle of attack increases, an airplane can fly at a ___ speed and still develop the necessary lift for flight.

Answer 83

Slower

Question 84

Tilting the total lift force while in a turn means ___ lift is available to act vertically against the airplane's weight.

Answer 84

Less

Question 85

Lowering flaps lowers the trailing edge of the wing, ___ the angle the chord line makes with the relative wind. This increases the wing's lift.

Answer 85

Increasing

Question 86

Bernoulli figured out that the faster the air flows over a surface, the ___ pressure it exerts on that surface

Answer 86

Less

Question 87

Adverse yaw is

Answer 87

an undesirable byproduct of turning.

Question 88

The lowest spot in the total drag curve is your magic number, a specific airspeed known as the

Answer 88

Best L/D speed

Question 89

The chord line is an imaginary line connecting the

Answer 89

Leading edge of the wing with the trailing edge

Question 90

Floating caused by the phenomenon of ground effect will be most realized during an approach to land when at

Answer 90

less than the length of the wingspan above the surface

Question 91

To maintain an airplane's best L/D (lift over drag ratio), a decrease in weight requires

Answer 91

A decrease in airspeed

Question 92

The term "angle of attack" is defined as the angle

Answer 92

Between the wing chord line and the relative wind

Question 93

When the bank increases, the nose wants to ___

Answer 93

Pitch down, which results in the pilot pulling on the elevator to maintain altitude, causing an increased angle of attack

Question 94

You can unstall a wing by ___ the angle of attack

Answer 94

Reducing

Question 95

When the airplane's weight decreases, the maneuvering speed...

Answer 95

decreases

Question 96

What is the purpose of the rudder on an airplane?

Answer 96

To control Yaw

Question 97

Which axis runs from wing tip to wing tip, sideways

Answer 97

lateral axis

Question 98

You should realize that an airplane can be ___ at any attitude or any airspeed

Answer 98

Stalled

Question 99

A typical situation that often results in a spin occurs when ...

Answer 99

A pilot overshoots the turn to the final approach and applies rudder to align the nose with the runway while holding the bank angle constant with aileron.

Question 100

As the airplane slows down and enters a stall, which of the following three control surfaces is the last to lose control authority?

Answer 100

Rudder

Question 101

During a spin to the left, which wing(s) is/are stalled?

Answer 101

Both wings are stalled

Question 102

Relative wind results from the motion of the

Answer 102

Airplane through the air

Question 103

An increased angle of attack permits the airplane to produce the necessary lift for flight at a ___ airspeed.

Answer 103

Slower

Question 104

When the critical angle of attack is exceeded, the airplane will

Answer 104

Stall

Question 105

How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane on takeoff?

Answer 105

Frost may prevent the airplane from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed.

Question 106

AT higher angles of attack the downward bending of the relative wind in the vicinity of the wing changes the direct of the ___ wind. This newly bent relative wind is often called the ___ relative wind.

Answer 106

Relative, Local

Question 107

How will frost on the wings of an airplane affect takeoff performance?

Answer 107

Frost will disrupt the smooth flow of air over the wing adversely affecting its lifting capability.

Question 108

If the airplane "feels" twice as heavy as it actually is, then the lift must ___ if the airplane is to maintain altitude.

Answer 108

double

Question 109

The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the...

Answer 109

Speed of the airplane

Question 110

Wings are designed to deflect air ___ while offering very little ___ resistance

Answer 110

Vertically, Horizontal

Question 111

You can determine the proper climb attitude for your airplane by referring to the

Answer 111

Airspeed indicator

Question 112

Which axis runs through the center line of the airplane form nose to tail?

Answer 112

Longitudinal

Question 113

Relative wind is ___ and ___ to the airplanes motion.

Answer 113

Opposite to, equal

Question 114

Why is it important for a pilot to be especially sensitive to the amount of G-force he or she is experiencing while maneuvering the airplane?

Answer 114

Increasing G-force always means an increase in stall speed

Question 115

Generally speaking, parasite drag

Answer 115

is a result of the design of an airplane and there is little the pilot can do to reduce it

Question 116

In a power-off glide, the best L/D speed allows the airplane to glide a ___ forward distance with a ___ amount of altitude loss

Answer 116

Maximum, minimum

Question 117

If you are trying to reach a destination on limited fuel...

Answer 117

Fly at the airplane's maximum range speed

Question 118

The maximum endurance speed is always ___ the maximum range speed

Answer 118

less than

Question 119

In what flight condition is torque effect the greatest in a single-engine airplane?

Answer 119

Low airspeed, high power

Question 120

An increased load factor will cause the airplane to

Answer 120

Stall at a higher airspeed

Question 121

Raising the nose slightly increases the angle of attack which forces the air to undergo an additional ___ greater than that which the ___ of the airfoil can produce.

Answer 121

Curve, engineered shape

Question 122

The left turning tendency of an airplane caused by P-factor is the result of the ...

Answer 122

Propeller blade descending on the right producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the left

Question 123

Ailerons function to allow the right and left wings to develop ___ lift

Answer 123

different amounts of

Question 124

Applying forward pressure on the control wheel (or stick) deflects the elevator ___ causing the tail to ___.

Answer 124

Downward, rise

Question 125

If the wind is gusty, you might use ___ flap extension than in non-gusty conditions.

Answer 125

Less

Question 126

Low wing airplanes experience ___ ground effect than their high wing cousins

Answer 126

More