Chapter 2-Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
Standard Anatomical Position
A
human stands, looking forward, feet together and pointing forward, arms alongside the trunk with palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from the body
2
Q
axial skeleton
A
bones of the trunk including vertebrae, sacrum, ribs, and sternum
3
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
bones of limbs including the shoulder and pelvic girdles, and hands and feet
4
Q
sagittal/midsagittal/median/midline
A
divides the body into symmetrical right and left halves
5
Q
parasagittal section
A
any planar slice through the body that parallels the sagittal plane
6
Q
coronal/frontal plane
A
passes through the bregma and divides the body into anterior and posterior halves
7
Q
paracoronal section
A
any planar slice through the body that parallels the coronal plane
8
Q
transverse/horizontal plane
A
slices the body at any height but always passes perpendicular to sagittal and frontal planes
9
Q
hominid
A
zoological family of primates to which humans and their immediate ancestors and near-relatives belong
10
Q
orthograde
A
trunk upright
11
Q
pronograde
A
trunk horizontal
12
Q
superior
A
toward the head of the hominid body
13
Q
cephalic/cranial
A
synonymous with superior, can also be used for quadrupeds
14
Q
inferior
A
body parts away from the head
15
Q
caudal
A
toward the tail
16
Q
anterior
A
toward the front of the hominid body
17
Q
ventral
A
toward the belly, “anterior” for quadrupeds
18
Q
posterior
A
toward the back of the individual
19
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dorsal
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“posterior” (toward the back) for quadrupeds
20
Q
medial
A
toward the midline
21
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline
22
Q
proximal
A
nearest the axial skeleton, usually used for limb bones
23
Q
distal
A
farthest from the axial skeleton
24
Q
external
A
closer to the surface
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internal
deeper inside
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extrinsic
external to that which it acts upon
i.e. flexor pollicis longus, a muscle that flexes the thumb, is considered an extrinsic hand muscle because the belly of the muscle is found deep in the forearm rather than the hand itself
27
intrinsic
internal to that which it acts upon
i. e. flexor pollicis brevis is considered an intrinsic hand muscle because it is located entirely in the hand
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endocranial
inner surface of cranial vault
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ectocranial
outer surface of cranial vault
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superficial
closer to the surface
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subcutaneous
just beneath the skin
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palmar
palm side of the hand
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plantar
sole of the foot
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volar
refers to both palmar and planter, "hollow" of feet and hands
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dorsal
top of foot or back of hand
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mesial
toward the midline point of the dental arch where the central incisors contact each other
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distal (teeth)
opposite of mesial
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lingual
toward the tongue
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labial
towards the lips
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buccal
toward the cheeks, usually reserved for premolars and molars
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interproximal
area of tooth in contact with adjacent tooth
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occlusal
facing the opposing dental arch, usually the chewing surface of each tooth
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apical
at or towards the tip of the root
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cervical
at, around, or pertaining to either the neck proper or to any number of anatomical constrictions referred to as "neck" or "cervix"
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neck proper
portion of body between head and shoulders
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incisal
biting or occlusal edge of the incisors
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mesiodistal
axis running from mesial to distal
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buccolingual/labiolingual
axis running from labial or buccal to lingual
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origin (muscle)
less mobile attachment point anchoring muscle to bone
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insertion (muscle)
site of muscle attachment with relatively more movement than the origin
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flexion
generally, a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts. by convention, flexion at the shoulder/hip joint refers to a ventral movement of the limb
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extension
straightening movement increasing angle between body parts
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abduction
movement of a body part (limb usually) away from sagittal plane. for fingers/toes, movement of the digit away from midline of hand/foot
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adduction
movement of body part (limb usually) towards sagittal plane. for fingers/toes, closing the digits.
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circumduction
a combination of abduction, adduction, flexion, and extension resulting in appendage being moved in cone-shaped path
I. e. driver signaling someone to pass
56
rotation
motion that occurs as one body part turns on an axis
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opposition
motion in which body parts are brought together
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pronation
rotary motion of forearm, turns palm from anteriorly facing (thumb lateral) to posteriorly facing (thumb medial)
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supination
rotary motion of forearm returning palm to position where thumb is lateral
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dorsiflexion
flexion of anterior portion of foot away from ground
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plantarflexion/volarflexion
flexing the anterior portion of the foot inferiorly toward the ground at the ankle
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eversion/pronation of the foot
turning the sole of the foot outward so that it faces away from the midline of the body
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malleous
rounded protuberance adjacent to the ankle joint
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boss
smooth, round, broad eminence
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articulation
area where adjacent bones are in contact via cartilage or fibrous tissue at a joint
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condoyle
rounded articular process
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epicondyle
nonarticular projection adjacent to a condyle
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head
a large, rounded, usually articular end of a bone
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shaft/diaphysis (pl. diaphyses)
long, straight section between ends of a long bone
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epiphysis
usually the end portion or extremity of a long bone expanded for articulation
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neck
section of bone between head and shaft
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torus (pl. tori)
bony thickening
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ridge
linear bony elevation, often roughened
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crest
a prominent, usually sharp and thin ridge of bone; often formed between adjacent muscle masses
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line
raised linear surface, not as thick as a torus or as sharp as a crest
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hamulus
hook-shaped projection
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facet
small articular surface on bone, or tooth-to-tooth contact
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ramus (pl. rami)
a branch
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fossa (pl. fossae)
a depressed area, usually broad and shallow
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fovea (pl. foveae)
pit-like, depressed area usually smaller than a fossa
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groove
long pit or furrow
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sulcus
long, wide groove
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fontanelle
space between cranial bones of an infant
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suture
where adjacent bones of the skull articulate
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foramen (pl. foramina)
opening through a bone, usually a passage for blood vessels and nerves
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canal
tunnel-like passage, usually extending from a foramen
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canaliculus (pl. canaliculi)
very small passage or duct
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meatus
short, wide canal
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sinus
cavity within cranial bone
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alveolus
tooth socket
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allo-
other or different
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apo-
separate, apart, away from, detached
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brachi-, brachio-, -brachial
of, or relating to the arm, specifically the upper arm
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brachy-
short
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-cep, -ceps
head or heads
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chondro-, -chondro-
cartilage or cartilaginous
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cost-, -costal
related to a rib or ribs
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cyt-, -cyte, or -cytic
a mature cell
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dia-
across, through, or apart
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dis-
undoing, removal, reversal, or absence
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epi-
at, upon, close to, adjacent, above, or in addition
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infra-
below or beneath
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-itis
denotes inflammatory disease
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lacri-, lacry-
of, belonging to, or related to tears
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meta-
between or with
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-oma (pl. omata)
growth or tumor
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peri-
near or around, about
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-physis (pl. -physes)
growth, projection, protuberance
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-phyte
pathological outgrowth
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platy-
broad and flat
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retro-
having a location behind
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splanchno-
related to the viscera or internal organs
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-stitial
related to a place where something stands
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-topic
place or usual location
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-trophy
maintenance, nourishment
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zygo-
denoting a joining or pairing
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antebrachial
of, belonging to, or related to the forearm
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antecubital
of, belonging to, or related to the front of the elbow
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axillary
of, belonging to, or related to the armpit
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buccal
of, belonging to, or related to the cheek
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carpal
of, belonging to, or related to the wrist
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cephalic
of, belonging to, or related to the head
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cervical
of, belonging to, or related to the neck
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cnemial
of, belonging to, or related to the shin or tibia
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costal
of, belonging to, or related to the ribs
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coxal
of, belong to, or related to the pelvis, hip, or hip joint
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crural
of, belonging to, or related to the leg, specifically the lower leg or calf
128
cubital
of, belonging to, or related to the elbow
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cutaneous
of, belonging to, or related to the skin
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dermal
of, belonging to, or related to the skin
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digital
of, belonging to, or related to the fingers or toes
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dorsal
of, belonging to, or related to the back
133
femoral
of, belonging to, or related to the leg, specifically the thigh or upper leg
134
glossal
of, belonging to, or related to the tongue
135
hallucial
of, belonging to, or related to the big toe
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lingual
of, belonging to, or related to the tongue
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lumber
of, belonging to, or related to the loin or loyal back
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manual
of, belonging to, or related to the hand
139
mental
of, belonging to, or related to the chin
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nuchal
of, belonging to, or related to the nape, or back of the neck
141
orbital
of, belonging to, or related to the eye socket
142
patellar
of, belonging to, or related to the front of the knee
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pedal
of, belonging to, or related to the foot
144
pollical
of, belonging to, or related to the thumb
145
popliteal
of, belonging to, or related to the back of the knee
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tarsal
of, belonging to, or related to the ankle
147
temporal
of, belonging to, or related to the temples
148
thoracic
of, belonging to, or related to the chest
149
vascular
of, belonging to, or related to (usually blood) vessels
