Chapter 2 and 3 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
Which generation is allowed to self-fertilize
A
F1
2
Q
F2 generation possessed what ration
A
9:3:3:1
3
Q
how to do multiplication method
A
Multiply 3 outcomes together
4
Q
Multiplication method
A
Outcomes
5
Q
Fork line
A
Probablities
6
Q
How to do fork line method
A
Multiply probabilities of each phenotype
7
Q
Pedigree purpose
A
Inheritance patters in humans
8
Q
Probability equation
A
Number of times an outcome occurs/ total number of possible outcomes
9
Q
The accuracy of probability calculation is determined by
A
sample size
10
Q
Product rule
A
Probability that two or more independent events will occur = product of individual properties
11
Q
Binomial expansion equation
A
Probability of an unordered combination of outcomes
12
Q
What is binary fission
A
Forming a wall down center of cell
13
Q
What is result of binary fission
A
Two daughter cells that are genetically identical
14
Q
Majority of eukaryotic cells are
A
Diploid
15
Q
Homologous chromosomes have a similar sequence and genes, but different _____
A
Alleles of the genes
16
Q
Which chromosomes are not homologous
A
sex chromosomes
17
Q
Genes on homologous chromosomes also have the same
A
Locus
18
Q
What phases are interphase
A
G1, S, G2, M
19
Q
Interphase
A
Duplicated chromosome
20
Q
Prophase
A
Chromatids formed
21
Q
Prometaphase
A
Nuclear membrane fragmented and chromatids attach to mitotic spindle
22
Q
Telophase
A
Cleavage furrow formed
23
Q
Isagamous organisms
A
Fungi, algae
Produces gametes that are similar
24
Q
Heterogamous organisms
A
Produce gametes that are different
25
Spermatogenesis produces
4 haploid sperm cells
26
Oogenesis produces
1 single haploid egg cells
27
what does oogenia do
Begins meiosis, arrests at prophase I
28
How does division of oocyte happen
splits asymmetrically
Larger cell is secondary oocyte, released during ovulation
If it's fertilized, it does meiosis II
29
Chromosome theory of inheritance
Chromosomes contain genetic material
Chromosomes are replicated and passed down from generation to generation
Nuclei of most eukaryotic cells are diploid
During formation of haploid cells, chromosomes segregaed independently
One set of chromosomes is inherited from father, other set from mother
30
Maternal effect genes
Genotype of mother determines phenotype of offspring
31
What surrounds oocytes
Nurse cells - transports gene product into oocyte
32
If DD or Dd is released in oocyte
Dextral coiling
33
If dd is released in oocyte
sinistral coiling
34
epigenetic inheritance
modification to nuclear gene that alters expression
Gene expression is not permanently changed over generations
It IS permanently changed in the individual for their life
35
Epigenetic modifications do NOT change
DNA sequence
36
Barr body
highly condensed inactive x chromosome structure in the interphase nuclei of somatic cells in female cats that was not found in male cats.
37
when does X chromosome become inactivated
Randomly, early stage of embryonic development
38
Mammalian cells can count their C chromosome in their somatic cells and allow
one of them to remain active
39
If a mammal has more than two X chromosomes
All but one will be deactivated
40
Where does X inactivation happen
X inactivation center
41
Initiation phase
Embryonic development
One X chromosome remains active, other is inactive
42
Spreading phase
Begins from Xic and spreads outwards towards both ends until entire chromosome is inactivated
43
Maintenance phase
Inactivated X chromosome remains as a Barr body
When cell divides, barr body is replicated, both copies remain compacted
44
Genetic imprimting
A segment of DNA is marked, mark is retained and recognized throughout life
45
What phenotype follows non-mendelian inheritance
imprinted genes phenotypes
46
Monoallelic expression
Offspring will express one of two alleles due to marking
47
Genomic imprinting involves
DNA methylation
48
How are genes imprinted through DNA methylation
Imprinting control region (ICR) is located near imprinting gene
49
Gene imprinting disorders
Prader Willi, Angelman syndrome
50
Prader willi and Angelman are due to a deletion on
Chromosome 15
51
In eukaryotic species, genetic material in organelles is inherited by
Extranuclear inheritance or cytoplasmic inheritance
52
What does not display a mendelian pattern
Inheritance of extranuclear genetic material
53
Maternal inheritance is due to the fact that mitochondria/chloroplasts are inherited only through
Cytoplasm of the egg
54
Heteroplasmid
When a cell contains mitochondria or chloroplasts that differ in their strains
55
Genetic diseases caused by mitochondrial mutations
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
Neurogenic muscle weakness
Mitochondrial myopathy
Maternal myopathy and cardiomyopathy
56
Endosymbiosis
A symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont actually lives inside the cell
57
Endosymbiosis theory
the ancient origin of chloroplasts was initiated when a cyanobacterium took up residence within a primordial eukaryotic cell
58
Genetic linkage
Two genes that are located on the same chromosome closely
59
Chromosomes are often called
linkage groups
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How many autosomal linkage groups in humans
22
61
What are recombinant cells called
Nonparental
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Which genes are more likely to cross over
Genes that are far apart
63
The more nonparental offspring present, the more
Further apart the genes
64
Genetic mapping determines
the linear order and distance of separation among genes that are linked to each other on the same chromosome
65
Crossing over can separate
Alleles found at different loci
66
What two individuals do testcrosses use
One that is heterozygous, another that is homozygous recessive
67
Nonrecombinant offspring have the same alleles as
ONE of the parents
68
_____ offspring are typically fewer than ___
Recombinant, nonrecombinant
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Map distance
Number of recombinant/total number of offspring x 100
70
One map unit equals
1% recombination frequency
71
Three factor cross is used for
The map distance and order of genes on a chromosome
72
Probability of a double crossover in a trihydbrid cross =
Product of the recombination frequency between genes
73
Positive interference
the occurrence of a crossover in one region of a chromosome decreases the probability that a second crossover will occur nearby
74
Coincidence equation
Observed number of double cross overs/ expected number of double cross overs = C
75
Interference equation
I = 1-O/E (C)
76
What does it mean if interference is positive
A decrease in the observed number of double cross overs compared to expected
77
Twin spots
Two adjacent regions that are phenotypically different from each other and the rest of the body
78
Twin spotting is due to
Mitotic recombination
79
Conjugation
Direct physical contact between bacteria
80
Transduction
Virus is a carrier between two bacteria
81
Transformation
Bacteria takes up genetic information from environment
82
Auxotroph
Strain that lacks genes necessary to synthesize nutritional requirements
83
Prototroph
Can synthesize nutritional requirements, does not need nutrition from outside
84
Donor strains contain
Fertility factor on circular DNA
Allows conjugation
85
F factors may be transferred to a conjugation-defective cell, making it
A donor cell
86
Step 1 of conjugation
Donor cell creates pilus from pilin protein
Pilus is attachment site
Pili shortens, brings bacteria closs together
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Step 2 of conjugation
Donor cell produces relaxome
Relaxome first recognizes origin of transfer on F factor
88
Step 3 of conjugation
Relaxome cuts DNA, creates T DNA and separates it from original strand
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Step 4 of conjugation
Relaxome is released but relaxase remains bound to T DNA
This complex is called nucleoprotein
90
Step 5 of conjugation
Nucleoprotein is exported from donor cell with help from coupling factor
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Step 6 of conjugation
Exporter sends nucleoprotein through pilus into recipient cell
92
Step 7 of conjugation
Dna replication restores T DNA to double stranded
93
Circular extrchromosomal DNA
plasmids
94
episomes
Plasmids that can integrate into bacterial chromosomes
95
What plasmids allow bacterial conjugation
Fertility
96
Hfr
High frequency of recombination
97
Hfr can transmit pieces of chromosome to
F- (recipient) cells
98
One of the DNA strands are ____ at the origin of transfer
This is a starting point for material that will enter F- cell
nicked
99
Chromosomal DNA enters into the F- cell in a ____ manner
linear
100
F' factor
F+ factors that contain a few genes from bacterial chromosome
101
A blender can be used to
Interrupt conjugation without harming the bacteria
102
What does it mean if the E.coli genetic map is 100 minutes long
The amount of time it takes for an entire chromosome to be transferred during Hfr mating
103
What is bacteriophage surrounded by
Protein coat surrounds genetic material
104
Virulent phages enter directly in ____ phase of bacteriophage
lytic
105
Temperate phages enter into ____ pahse
Lysogenic
106
The integrated form of a temperate phage is called
prophage, when activated it'll enter into the lytic cycle
107
What kind of DNA do bacteria take from environment
DNA of dead bacteria
108
Competent cells
bacterial that can take up DNA from the environment
109
What cuts the DNA that attached to a competent bacteria
Extracellular endonuclease
110
What transports the DNA into the competent cell
Uptake system
111
The DNA aligns itself with _______ in the competent bacteria
homologous region
112
Competence stimulating peptide
Activates competency genes in cells that are close in proximity
113
Horizontal gene transfer
movement of genes between two species
114
Transmission of genes from mother to daughter cells
Vertical gene transfer
115
Mitosis
Single cells divide into two identical daughter cells
116
Meiosis
Single cells divides to make 4 haploid cells
117
Conjugation, transformation and transduction are forms of
Horizontal gene transfer
118
Horizontal gene transfer occurs between
Members of the same species AND of the different species
119
Where does independent assortment occur
Metaphase I,
120
Where does equal segregation occur
Anaphase I
121
Law of segregation
The two copies of a gene segregate from each other during transmission from parent to offspring
122
Metaphase
When chromosomes line up
123
Anaphase
Chromatids pulled apart
124
