Chapter 2. Basic Components Of Living Systems

Question 1

What are the two fundamental types of cells?

Answer 1

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

Question 2

What is a prokaryotic cell?

Answer 2

They are single-celled organisms with a simple structure of just a undivided internal area called the cytoplasm

Question 3

What do eukaryotic cells make up?

Answer 3

A eukaryotic cell makes up multicellular organisms. Such as animals,plants and fungi.

Question 4

What is a eukaryotic cells internal structure?

Answer 4

Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane noun nucleus (nucleoplasm) and cytoplasm

Question 5

What divides the cytoplasm into different membrane-bound compartments?

Answer 5

Organelles

Question 6

How permeable are membranes?

Answer 6

Membranes are partially permeable

Question 7

Where is DNA contained?

Answer 7

DNA is contained within a double membrane called the nuclear envelope

Question 8

How is RNA exported?

Answer 8

Through the digital pores

Question 9

What does DNA associate with to form chromatin?

Answer 9

Histones

Question 10

What does chromatin form?

Answer 10

Chromosomes

Question 11

Where is the nucleolus found?

Answer 11

In the nucleus

Question 12

What is the nucleolus responsible for?

Answer 12

It is responsible for the production of ribsomes

Question 13

What is the amount of mitochondria in a cell a reflection of?

Answer 13

The amount of energy it uses

Question 14

What is mitochondria?

Answer 14

It is the site of the last stages of cellular respiration.

Question 15

What type of membrane does mitochondria have?

Answer 15

A double membrane

Question 16

What is folded to form cistae?

Answer 16

The inner membrane in mitochondria

Question 17

What is the matrix?

Answer 17

The fluid interior of the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Question 18

What does the membrane forming cistae contain?

Answer 18

The enzymes used in mitochondria

Question 19

What are vesicles?

Answer 19

They are membranous sacs that have storage and transport roles

Question 20

What do vesicles consist of?

Answer 20

They consist of a single membrane with fluid inside

Question 21

What are lysosomes?

Answer 21

They are specialised forms of vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes.

Question 22

What are are lysosomes responsible for?

Answer 22

Breaking down waste material in cells including old organelles

Question 23

What are responsible for breaking down pathogens ingested by phagocytise cells?

Answer 23

Lysosomes

Question 24

Where is the cytoskeleton present?

Answer 24

Throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells

Question 25

What is the cytoskeleton necessary for?

Answer 25

The shape and stability of a cell

Question 26

What are the cytoskeletons 3 components?

Answer 26

- Microfilaments - Microtubules - Intermediate fibres

Question 27

What are microfilaments?

Answer 27

They are contractile fibres that are formed from the protein actin.

Question 28

What are microfilaments responsible for?

Answer 28

The cell movement and the cell contraction during cytokinesis - the process in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells.

Question 29

What are microtubulin?

Answer 29

Globular tubulin proteins polymerised to form tubes that are used to determine the shape of the cell

Question 30

What tracks the movement of organelles around the eukaryotic cell?

Answer 30

Microtubules

Question 31

What are intermediate fibres?

Answer 31

Fibres that give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity

Question 32

What are centrioles composed of?

Answer 32

Microtubules

Question 33

What do two centrioles form?

Answer 33

The centrosome, which is involved in the assembly and organisation of the spindle fibres during cell division.

Question 34

Why is flagella used in cells?

Answer 34

To enable motility, or in some cells used as a sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in the cells environment

Question 35

What are the two different types of cilia?

Answer 35

- Mobile | - Stationary

Question 36

What is stationary cilia?

Answer 36

It is present on the surface of many cells and has an important function in sensory organs such as the nose

Question 37

What is mobile cilia?

Answer 37

It causes fluids of object adjacent to the cell to move by the cilia beating in a rhythmic manner creating a current

Question 38

What structure does each cilium have?

Answer 38

Each cilium contains two central microtubules surrounded by nine pairs of microtubules. This is known as a 9+2 arrangement.?

Question 39

How is the beating motion in cilia caused?

Answer 39

By pairs of parallel microtubules sliding over each other

Question 40

Why is it important to synthesise proteins?

Answer 40

For internal use and for secretion (transport out of the cell)

Question 41

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 41

A network of membranes enclosing flatted sacs called cisterns.

Question 42

What is the endoplasmic reticulum connected to?

Answer 42

The outer membrane of the nucleus

Question 43

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 43

Smooth and Rough

Question 44

What is the smooth ER responsible for?

Answer 44

Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis and storage

Question 45

What does the rough ER have bound to it?

Answer 45

Ribosomes

Question 46

What is the rough ER responsible for?

Answer 46

The synthesis and transport of proteins

Question 47

What are ribosome constructed of?

Answer 47

RNA molecules made in the nucleolus of the cell

Question 48

What process are ribosomes the site of?

Answer 48

Protein synthesis

Question 49

Where else can you find ribosomes?

Answer 49

In the mitochondria, chloroplast and prokaryotic cells

Question 50

What is the Golgi apparatus formed of?

Answer 50

Cisternae- does no contain ribosomes

Question 51

What is the Golgi apparatus' role?

Answer 51

Modifying proteins and 'packing' then into vesicles.'

Question 52

What is the Kane difference between plant and animal cells?

Answer 52

Plant cells are ridged, they have a cell wall surrounding the cell-surface membrane

Question 53

What substance are plant cells made up of?

Answer 53

Cellulose - a complex carbohydrate

Question 54

How permeable are plant cells?

Answer 54

Freely permeable

Question 55

What are vacuoles?

Answer 55

Vacuoles are found in plant cells and are membranes lined sacs in the cytoplasm containing cell sap

Question 56

What are permanent vacuoles important in the maintenance of?

Answer 56

Tutor

Question 57

What is the membrane in a vacuole called?

Answer 57

Tonoplast

Question 58

How permeable is tonoplast?

Answer 58

Partially permeable

Question 59

If vacuoles appear in animal cells how permanent are they?

Answer 59

They are small and transient - not permanent

Question 60

What are chloroplasts responsible for in plant cells?

Answer 60

Photosynthesis

Question 61

Where are chloroplasts found in plants?

Answer 61

In the cells in the green parts such as the leaves and stems - not the roots

Question 62

What type of membranes does chloroplasts have?

Answer 62

Double membrane

Question 63

What is the fluid enclosed in chloroplasts called?

Answer 63

Storms

Question 64

What are thylakoids?

Answer 64

They are an internal network of membranes, that are flattened sacs found in chloroplast

Question 65

What are several thylakoids stacked together called?

Answer 65

Granum

Question 66

What is the grana joined by membranes called?

Answer 66

Lamella

Question 67

What does the grana contain?

Answer 67

Chlorophyll, where light-dependent reactions occur during photosynthesis

Question 68

Why is chloroplast and mitochondria similar?

Answer 68

They both contain DNA and ribosomes - which enables them to make their own proteins

Question 69

Are prokaryotic organisms multi cellular or unicellular?

Answer 69

Unicellular

Question 70

How many molecules of DNA does prokaryotic cells usually have?

Answer 70

One - a chromosome

Question 71

How big are the ribosomomes in prokaryotic cells compared to those in eukaryotic cells?

Answer 71

They are smaller than those in eukaryotic cells

Question 72

What are prokaryotic cells cell wall made of?

Answer 72

Peptidoglycan (murein)

Question 73

Does the flagella in prokaryotic cells have a 9+2 structure?

Answer 73

No

Question 74

What process supplies the energy to rotate the filament that forms the flagellum in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 74

Chemiosmosis

Question 75

What is the flagellum attached to the cell membrane of a bacterium by in prokaryotic cells?

Answer 75

By a basal body and rotated by a molecular motor