Chapter 2: Biological Bases of Cognitive Development

Question 1

Evolutionary developmental psychologists consider connections between _, _ and _.

Answer 1

Biology, the environment, culture

Question 2

What is the basic tenet of evolutionary psychology?

Answer 2

The human mind has been prepared by natural selection (still variability though)

Question 3

Are evolved mechanisms always useful?

Answer 3

No, sweet food is abundant now

Question 4

What are three question evolutionary developmental psychologists may ask?

Answer 4

What is the purpose of a behaviour and cognitive operations underlying it?
What problem does a behaviour address?
How does development work and what environments are different for children and adults?

Question 5

Because domain-specific constraints on learning exist, that suggests there are _ on learning.

Answer 5

Constraints

Question 6

What are the three times of constraints on learning? Example of each?

Answer 6

Architectural (V1 area)
Chronotopic (sensitive period)
Representational (Why do we not know all types at once? infants still have math)

Question 7

What do kids have for information processing domains (2)?

Answer 7

Social and ecological information domains

Question 8

What are the three “folk” knowledge areas that kids have?

Answer 8

Folk psych
Folk Bio
Folk Physics

Question 9

What are the parts of folk psychology?

Answer 9

Self, individual and group

Question 10

The information-processing domains operate _ in different _.

Answer 10

differently
environments

Question 11

What are biologically primary abilities?

Answer 11

Acquired universally, and it is intrinsically motivating

Question 12

What are biologically secondary abilities?

Answer 12

They are built around our primary abilities and are culturally determined.

Question 13

Secondary abilities are not _ and require _ repetition, as well as _ pressure often.

Answer 13

universal, tedious, external

Question 14

Development proceeds as a result of the _ interaction between structure and _ over time.

Answer 14

bidirectional
function

Question 15

What is epigenesis?

Answer 15

a gene-regulation activity that does not involve changes to the DNA code, but can persist through generations

Question 16

Epigenesis the switch or code?

Answer 16

Switch

Question 17

What is the cause for differences in twins?

Answer 17

Epigenetic

Question 18

What can cause epigenetics?

Answer 18

learning or trauma

Question 19

What are the main four levels of Gottlieb Bidirectional influences model?

Answer 19

Genetic activity, neural activity, behaviour, environment

Question 20

What are sensitive periods?

Answer 20

Most appropriate time to learn stuff

Question 21

Lickliter studied _ imprinting in _ quails. They found that _ exposure caused the quails to prefer _ calls or have no _.

Answer 21

Auditory, bobwhite, light, chicken, preference

Question 22

Why did the bobwhite quails who were exposed to light struggle?

Answer 22

Light was too much for them to develop their processing

Question 23

What happens if you don’t develop the skill during the sensitive period?

Answer 23

You can gain some of the skill, but will never meet the right time if you’re too early or too late.

Question 24

What did Scarr and McCartney’s model of behavioural development Look like?

Answer 24

Two stacked triangle

Question 25

What is the double line in the Model of Behavioural development?

Answer 25

Phenotype of child and rearing environment of child

Question 26

What are the four parts of the Model of Behavioural Development?

Answer 26

Genotype of Parents, Genotype of Child, rearing environment of child and phenotype of child.

Question 27

What is the genotype of parent connected to in Scarr and McCartney?

Answer 27

Genotype of child and rearing environment of child

Question 28

What is genotype of the child connected to in Scarr and McCartney's model?

Answer 28

Phenotype of child and rearing environment of child.

Question 29

What are the three types of of genotype<-> environment effects?

Answer 29

Passive, evocative and active

Question 30

What is the passive type of genotype environment?

Answer 30

Bio parents provide genes and environment of child

Question 31

What is the phenotype?

Answer 31

The expression of the gene

Question 32

What is the evocative genotype environment interaction?

Answer 32

Temperament of child evokes response from parents.

Question 33

What is the active genotype environment interaction?

Answer 33

Children actively seek environments for them

Question 34

Passive effects _ with age

Answer 34

Decrease

Question 35

Evocative effects are _ with age.

Answer 35

Stable

Question 36

Active effects_ with age.

Answer 36

Increase

Question 37

Passive effects are from _ to _.

Answer 37

Parent, child

Question 38

Evocative effects are from a _ to the _.

Answer 38

Child, world

Question 39

The correlation between adopted siblings goes _ for IQ. From what to what?

Answer 39

Down (to 0) .25-.39 to 0

Question 40

Correlation between IQs for dizygotic twins goes _. To what ranges?

Answer 40

Down 60-75 to 55

Question 41

Brain growth is _ early in life.

Answer 41

Fast

Question 42

The structure of our brains are the same as...

Answer 42

All other animals with brains

Question 43

Human brains are _ than expected for our bodies.

Answer 43

bigger

Question 44

Humans have more _ neurons.

Answer 44

Cortical

Question 45

Human cortexes are _.

Answer 45

Bigger

Question 46

What specific parts of our brains are bigger?

Answer 46

Neocortex and frontal lobe

Question 47

Proliferation or _ happens _.

Answer 47

Neurogenesis, prenatally

Question 48

Neurogenesis can also be called _.

Answer 48

Mitosis

Question 49

Migration happens _.

Answer 49

Prenatally

Question 50

_ happens from birth to death in the brain.

Answer 50

Synaptogenesis.

Question 51

What is another word for synapogenesis?

Answer 51

Differentiation

Question 52

What does differentiation actually mean?

Answer 52

Getting jobs, happens at different parts of life

Question 53

What is cell death and synaptic pruning?

Answer 53

Dying brain connections and cells because not useful

Question 54

What is apoptosis?

Answer 54

Cell death

Question 55

What is the order of mylination?

Answer 55

Sensory->Motor->integrative

Question 56

The _ cortex develops before the _ cortex.

Answer 56

Visual, prefrontal

Question 57

What are experience-expectant processes?

Answer 57

We are wired for certain experiences (language)

Question 58

With experience-expectant synaptogenesis, _ causes impairement.

Answer 58

Deprivation

Question 59

What are experience-dependent processes (synaptogenesis)?

Answer 59

Read well, secondary skills after primary learnng, communicate.

Question 60

The prefrontal cortex, limbic system does not work in _.

Answer 60

Adolescents

Question 61

Kids may do drugs because their limbic system isn't mature. Explain?

Answer 61

They are lacking dopamine.

Question 62

The frontal lobe, which allows for object _, is not fully developed at birth.

Answer 62

Permanence

Question 63

Inhibition seems to be stored in the _ lobe. It isn't developed young, which allows for _ not _ error.

Answer 63

Frontal A not b

Question 64

What is the Kennard effect?

Answer 64

Earlier brain damage, greater likelihood of recovery.

Question 65

What is neural plasticity?

Answer 65

Brain change, you change

Question 66

Children seem to recover better from brain damage that effects...

Answer 66

More broad processes

Question 67

Adults recover better from brain damage that effects _ functions.

Answer 67

Functions

Question 68

Specific skills come back better for_ more than _.

Answer 68

Kids, adults

Question 69

General skills come back better for _ more than _.

Answer 69

adults, kids

Question 70

Biology is a _ of the picture, not _.

Answer 70

Part, everything