Chapter 4: Infant Perception and Cognition

Question 1

William James thinks there is no _ without _.

Answer 1

Sense, experience

Question 2

What are three reasons William James was wrong that babies know nothing?

Answer 2

They can taste, smell and they need touch, those are required from birth

Question 3

What is the problem with implicit methods and babies?

Answer 3

There is no problem, behaviour possibly displays cognition.

Question 4

What is an explicit research method? Problem with babies?

Answer 4

Talking or pressing buttons, must be choice, babies cannot do it

Question 5

Babies controlled their _ in DeCasper and Spences experiment

Answer 5

sucking

Question 6

What did DeCasper and Spence find?

Answer 6

Babies can hear and remember in utero

Question 7

Babies prefer passages their mother read _.

Answer 7

In-utero

Question 8

Who created the visual preference paradigm?

Answer 8

Fantz

Question 9

What are the three things babies prefer in visual attention tasks?

Answer 9

Faces, high contrast, language

Question 10

What is the habituation/dishabituation paradigm?

Answer 10

First, you get a kid to experience something and get used to it, then you change it and see if they notice the change

Question 11

Habituation and dishabituation requires _ and _.

Answer 11

Memory and discrimination

Question 12

What are the things we can test with habit/dishabit?

Answer 12

What age notice, do they get quicker at noticing, how long can you wait between presentation.

Question 13

What is accommodation in sight? What muscles are needed? When reach adult levels?

Answer 13

Focusing on near and far. Ciliary, 3 months

Question 14

What is convergence in sight? When are babies able to do this?

Answer 14

Eyes looking at same object. 6 months

Question 15

What is coordination in sight? When can babies do this?

Answer 15

Can follow stimuli in an orderly fashion. 6 months

Question 16

What is visual acuity? What are baby’s numbers?

Answer 16

How blurry? 20/400 to 20/600.

Question 17

When does adult sight seem to develop?

Answer 17

6 years.

Question 18

Why do babies have shitty acuity at birth?

Answer 18

Not enough cones in fovea.

Question 19

When can babies differentiate red and white? What about other colours?

Answer 19

2 months, 4 months

Question 20

What colours can babies see at birth?

Answer 20

None.

Question 21

What are the four visual preferences of babies?

Answer 21

Contrast, movement, symmetry, curvature

Question 22

_ kids like novelty and _ kids like familiarity.

Answer 22

Older, younger

Question 23

When do babies recognize familiarity?

Answer 23

2-4 months

Question 24

What is the Goldilocks effect?

Answer 24

Not too familiar, not too novel, babies like it
Not too simple or complex, they like it

Question 25

Preference of faces for babies is there at... This may be _.

Answer 25

Birth! Evolution

Question 26

Babies prefer the face of..

Answer 26

Their primary caregiver

Question 27

Babies like _ faces over _.

Answer 27

Human Monkey

Question 28

Why do babies prefer attractive faces? Does this extend to other animals?

Answer 28

Biology good, curve, symmetry preference exist. Yes

Question 29

Babies like _ gaze, or figures looking back at them.

Answer 29

Mutual

Question 30

Sound localization is present at _. However, it improves by _ year.

Answer 30

Birth. One.

Question 31

Newborns like _ frequency sounds, therefore they like _ voices more.

Answer 31

High/Womens

Question 32

Adult hearing is developed at about _ years old. ``

Answer 32

10

Question 33

Goldilocks effect applies to sound in what way?

Answer 33

Stop attending to predictable sounds but do not like too complex.

Question 34

Babies have a clear preference for _ voice.

Answer 34

Mothers.

Question 35

Babies can discriminate between all _.

Answer 35

Phonemes

Question 36

With better speech perception as a baby, they are usually better at _ as a child.

Answer 36

reading

Question 37

children have an automatic _ for speech.

Answer 37

Bias

Question 38

Kuhl found that babies lose discrimination of sounds not heard in...

Answer 38

Mother tongue

Question 39

Kuhl found that by 4.5 months, children are no longer...

Answer 39

Citizens of the world.

Question 40

Babies seem to perceive music just as well as _.

Answer 40

Adults

Question 41

Babies can _ pitch, and understand _ and _. They even have similar _ activity to adults with regards to brain waves.

Answer 41

immitate, rythme and melody, attention

Question 42

What is intersensory integration?

Answer 42

Combining multiple senses (see and know how it feels)

Question 43

What is intersensory matching?

Answer 43

Dim and soft, can tell those are both lighter forms of it

Question 44

The other race effect is not apparent at _ months but is apparent at _ months.

Answer 44

3, 9

Question 45

What are the three core knowledges by Spelke?

Answer 45

Object representation Knowledge of others and their actions Understanding quantities

Question 46

What are the three understood parts of knowledge representation?

Answer 46

Object constancy, object cohesion and continuity, object permanency

Question 47

Can retrieve hidden objects at _ months, can pass A not B at _ months. True object permanence happens at _ months.

Answer 47

8, 12, 18

Question 48

Using Baillargeon's ramp test, object permanence seems to be there at _ months.

Answer 48

3.5

Question 49

10-12 month olds understand larger than, as long as all numbers are _ or less.

Answer 49

3

Question 50

1 month olds can see differences if there is a _ to _ ratio.

Answer 50

2